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THE 35 



HISTOEICAL COMPANION, 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES. 



CONTAININO 



THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1492 TO 1857, AND OP 
EACH OF THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES : TABLES OF THE SET- 
TLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, THE WARS, 
CAUSES OF THE WARS ; BATTLES, PRESIDENTS, AND 
AMERICAN INVENTIONS; WITH FULL AND 
COMPLETE NOTES, ETC., ETC. 



BY A. C. WEBB, 

PRINCIPAL OP ZANE STREET G R A M M A R-S C H 001.. 



..- "V" 



4?-*^ 







PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY E. C. & J. BIDDLE, 

NO. 5 08 MINOR STREET. 

1 S 5 t . 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by 

A. C. WEBB, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern 
District of Pennsylvania. 

STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN. PRINTED BY C. SUERMAN & SOX. 






PREFACE 



The aim of the following pages, as the title implies, is not to 
supersede, but to accompany, more detailed works upon history; 
to present at one view, within the compass of a few pages, easily 
mastered, and convenient for reference, those main facts and events 
which constitute the framework of history; facts, too often lost 
sight of by the untrained mind of the youthful student, while the 
attention is fixed by glowing descriptions of places, persons, and 
scenes, clothed wnth so much interest by the gifted pen of some 
of our historians. Hence, many persons who have given great 
attention to the study of history, remain with their minds filled 
with a mass of details, pictures, and fragmentary scenes, vivid and 
well-defined in themselves, but so disconnected as to become not 
only useless, but productive of the grossest errors. 

The facts and dates mentioned in this Chronology are written 
in plain, unadorned language ; brevity, rather than elegance, 
being the aim of the author. Geographical notes, on all places 
mentioned, have been added at the foot of each page, and are 
referred to throughout the work. Notes are also given upon all 
points that might present any difficulty to the learner; and all 
w^ords, or terms, that may be unfamiliar to a child, have been care- 
fully defined. 

A concise Biographical Dictionary of all the names mentioned 
in this book, and Maps showing the various territories acquired by 
the United States since the Revolution, with the locality of each of 
the important battles, &c., are now in course of preparation, and 
will shortly be issued. No pains have been spared to make this 
work accurate, and as complete and useful as its limits would allow. 

(vii) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS 9 

CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES, from 1492 to tlie present 

time, with Notes 18 

CHRONOLOGY OF VIRGINIA 63 

« " NEW YORK 65 

« " MASSACHUSETTS 67 

" « NEW HAMPSHIRE 69 

« « NEW JERSEY 70 

« « DELAWARE 71 

« " CONNECTICUT 72 

« « MARYLAND 73 

« « RHODE ISLAND 74 

« « NORTH CAROLINA 74 

•« *' SOUTH CAROLINA 75 

" " PENNSYLVANIA 76 

" " GEORGIA 77 

TABLE OF ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS 79 

" " PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 

« « WARS OF THE COLONIES 79 

" « BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 80 

« « NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 81 

« « LAND BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812 82 

« « LAND BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR 82 

" « SETTLEMENTS AND ADMISSIONS OF THE STATES, 83 

« « AMERICAN INVENTIONS 83 

CAUSE OF PEQUODWAR 84 

" KING PHILIP'S WAR 84 

" " KING WILLIAM'S WAR 84 

" « QUEEN ANNE'S WAR 85 

" " KING GEORGE'S WAR 85 

« " FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 86 

" " REVOLUTIONARY WAR 86 

« THREE YEARS' WAR 86 

« « MEXICAN WAR 87 

(viii) 



DEFINITIONS OF HISTOKICAL TERMS. 



Alliance. — A union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty, or 
league. 

Armistice. — A temporary suspension of hostilities, for negotiation, or other 
purposes, generally made by convention. A truce is usually by agreement 
between the commanders. 

Army. — A collection or body of men armed for war, and organized into 
companies, battalions, regiments, and brigades, under proper officers. 

Assault. — A furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place, 
by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, and the like. 

Blockade. — The shutting up of a place, by posting hostile troops, or ships, 
at all the avenues, to prevent escape, and hinder supplies of provisions and 
ammunition from entering. 

Brigade. — Any division of an army commanded by a brigadier. 

Cabinet. — The select or secret council of a prince, or Executive Govern- 
ment ; so called from the apartment in which it was originally held. 

Campaign. — The time that an army keeps the field, either in action, in 
marches, or in camp, without going into winter-quarters. 

Capitulation. — Commonly used in military language to signify the act 
of surrendering to an enemy upon stipulated terms, in opposition to surren- 
dering at discretion. 

Charter. — A written instrument, executed with usual forms, given as 
evidence of a grant or contract. The charters, under which most of the colo- 
nies were settled, were given by the king, and incorporated certain persons, 
with power to hold lands granted, to establish a government, and make laws 
for their own regulation. These were called " Charter Governments." 

Colony. — A company or body of people transplanted from one country to 
another, to cultivate and inhabit it, but remaining subject to the jurisdiction 
of the government from whence they came. A colony is sometimes called a 
province; but, more pro^ierly, a province is a conquered country, while a 
colony is settled by citizens of the parent country. 

(ix) 



X DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. 

CoxsTiTUTiox. — A system of fundamental rules, principles, and ordinances, 
fur the government of a State or nation ; in free States, it is paramount to the 
Legislature, which, in the United States, is created, and its powers designated 
by the Constitution. 

Continental. — A word much used during the Revolution to designate that 
which pertained to the General Government, in contradistinction to that 
which belonged to each State. 

Continental Money. — That which was issued by the General Government. 

Continentals. — The troops of the General Government. 

Definitive Treaty.— A treaty exactly defining the powers and rights of 
each of the parties, and the limits of the territory belonging to one or both. 
A definitive treaty is necessary where a colony becomes independent of the 
mother country, as in the case of the American colonies. 

Democratic Government. — Strictly speaking, this is one in which all the 
freemen meet for the transaction of the business of the Government. Of 
course, such a Government can exist only while the population is small; when 
it increases, it necessarily becomes representative, as in Massachusetts in 
1634. Commonly, it means "the Government of the people." 

Duties, or Customs, are taxes laid on goods, either imported or exported. 
Taxes on goods imported are properly called "imposts;" on goods exported, 
" duties ;" on goods manufactured, " excises." These are called " indirect 
taxes," because laid on the consumption of certain articles. "Direct taxes" 
are laid upon persons and property. 

Embargo. — A prohibition of ships to leave port. In commerce, the pro- 
hibition sometimes extends to shijis entering as well as leaving. 

Emigrant. — One who removes from his native country to another, to settle 
in it. The removal from one house to another, in the same State or kingdom, 
is not emigration, but removal. 

Envoy. — This term is usually applied to a public minister sent on a special 
occasion ; and, as such, is inferior to an ambassador or resident minister. 
Envoys are either ordinary or extraordinary, and the word may sometimes be 
applied to resident ministers. 

Evacuate. — To quit or Avithdraw from a place. 

Federal. — Pertaining to a league; derived from an agreement or cove- 
nant between parties. Federal Government — the Government of the United 
States, formed by an agreement between the several States. Federal City — 
Washington. 

Federalist. — At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, the country 
was divided into two parties — called Federalists and Anti-Federalists, or 
Republicans. The Federalists urged the necessity of concentrating great 
power in the Federal Government; while the Republicans, or Anti-Federalists, 
were in favor of reserving as much power as possible in the hands of the 
people and the individual States. Adams, Hamilton, and Jay, were promi- 



DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. xi 

nent leaders of the Federalists ; Madison and JefiFerson, of the Republicans. 
The former were charged with favoring a monarchy, being enemies of Repub- 
licanism; the latter were accused of being infidels and Jacobins, and of enter- 
taining unnecessary hostility to England, 

Funding System. — A funding system provides that, on the creation of a 
public loan, funds shall immediately be formed, and secured by law, for the 
j)ayment of the interest until the State or Government redeems the whole, and 
also for the gradual redemption of the capital itself. This gradual redeeming 
of the principal is called the shikiny of the debt, and the fund appropriated 
for this purpose is called the Sinkiufj Fund. The national debt was extin- 
guished for the first time in 1835. 

Grant. — A conveyance in Avriting of property that cannot pass by word 
only — as lands, rents, reversions, &c. The thing conveyed. 

High Seas. — The common highway of nations, not belonging to any par- 
ticular country. 

Honors of "War. — Distinctions granted to a vanquished enemy — as of 
marching out from a camp, or entrenchment, with all the insignia of military 
etiquette. 

Immigrant. — A person removing into another country for permanent resi- 
dence. Sometimes a distinction is made between emigrant and immigrant; 
the former signifying one who goes from a country — the latter, one who 
enters into a country: but this distinction is without authority. 

Insurrection. — The open and active opposition of a number of persons to 
the execution of law by a local or civil government. It is equivalent to 
ncdifinn, except that sedition expresses a less extensive rising. It differs from 
rehelliou, ioxiliQ latter expresses an attempt to overthrow the government, and 
to establish a different one. It differs from mutiny, as insurrection has to do 
with the civil government alone; whereas mutiny is an open opposition to 
law, either in the army or navy. Insurrection is, however, used to compre- 
hend either sedition or rchelliou. 

Invest. — To surround a besieged place, so as to cut off all communication 
with the surrounding country for obtaining supplies, &c. It is remarkable 
that Sevastopol (sev-as-to'-pol) was not invested. 

Letters of Marque are letters of reprisal ; a license granted by a sove- 
reign of one country, to his subjects, to make reprisals at sea on the subjects 
of another, under pretence of indemnification for injuries received. 

Letters Patent. — A writing executed and sealed, by which power and 
authority are granted to some person or persons, to do some act, or enjoy 
some right. 

Militia (from 7nile8, a soldier). — A body of armed citizens regularly trained, 
though not in constant service in time of peace, and thereby distinguished 
from standing armies. In France, the militia are called '^ National Guards." 

IMiNiSTER. — The representative of a sovereign or Government at a foreign 
court — usually those that are resident there, but not restricted to such. 



xii DEFINITIONS OF HISTORICAL TERMS. 

Mutiny. — An insurrection of soldiers, or seamen, against the authority of 
their commanders. See Insurrectiox. 

Parole. — In military affairs, a promise given by a prisoner of war, when 
he has leave to depart from custody, that he will return at the time appointed. 

Pirate. — A robber on the high seas, who makes it his business to cruise for 
plunder. An armed ship, or vessel, which sails without legal commission, for 
the purpose of plundering other vessels. 

Plenipotentiary. — An ambassador, or envoy, to a foreign court, invested 
with full power to negotiate a treaty, or to transact other business. 

Privateer. — A ship, or vessel of war, owned and equipped by private 
individuals, at their own expense, to seize or plunder the ships of an enemy 
in time of war. A privateer differs from a pirate, inasmuch as the former is 
liceused by the Government, and the latter is not; besides, a privateer goes 
out only during a war, and seizes none but the enemy's vessels. 

Regllars. — Regular troops, in contradistinction to the militia. 

Siege. — The placing of an army before or around a fortification, to compel 
the garrison to surrender. If the place is entirely surrounded, so as to cut 
off all communication and supplies, it is said to be invested. A siege differs 
from a blockade, inasmuch as in the former the investing army approaches 
the fortified place to attack and reduce it by force, while in the latter the 
army secures all the avenues in order to cut off all supplies, and waits until 
famine compels the garrison to surrender. To " lay siege," to besiege ; to 
" raise the siege," to abandon it 

Surrender. — To give up. It is of two kinds — "to capitulate," and " to 
surrender at discretion." The latter is to surrender without stipulation or 
terms. 

Tonnage. — A duty or impost on ships, estimated by the ton. The weight 
of goods carried in a ship. The cubical contents of burthen of a ship in tons. 

Treason. — In general, treason is the crime of attempting to overthrow the 
Government of the State to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying 
the State into the hands of a foreign power. In the United States, treason 
is confined to the actual levying of war against the United States, or in 
adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

Treaty. — An agreement, league, or contract, between two or more nations 
or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and 
solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each State. 
The treatj'-making power is lodged in the Executive. In the United States 
it is vested in the President, by and with the advice of the Senate. 

Tkuce. — A suspension of hostilities, by agreement of the commanders, for 
negotiation, or other causes; frequently for the purpose of burying the dead. 
An armistice is generally by convention of the Governments. 

Whig and Tory. — During the Revolution, the term Whig was applied to 
the opponents, and Tory to the supporters, of the royal cause. 



CHRONOLOGY 

OP THE 

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



HENRY VII. — 1485-1509. 

1492. Columbus (sent out by S'pain^) discovers America." 

1497. The Cabots (sent out hij England^) discover the 
continent of America.' 

1498. Columbus discoTers tLe main-land, near the mouth of the Orinoco.* 

1498. Sebastian Cabot explores the coast from Labrador^ 
to Florida.' 

* Spain, a large peninsula lying south of France, between the Mediterranean 
and the Atlantic Ocean. The Moors held possession of it for more than 700 
years, but, in 1492, the Christian sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, com- 
pleted its conquest, and drove the Moors from Spain. They aided Columbus 
in his undertaking, when many other sovereigns had treated his project as 
visionary and impracticable. The government is an absolute monarchy; the 
religion, Roman Catholic. 

* America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who 
visited South America in 1499. 

^ England Avas conquered by the Normans in 1066. At the period of the 
discovery of America, the country, under Henry VII., was rapidly recoverino- 
from the desolation caused by the " wars of the Roses." The Reformation 
commenced in the reign of Henry VIII., • under Edward VI. the Church 
of England was established, and the Liturgy arranged in its present form 
(1549). Popery was re-established under Mary; and, though Elizabeth 
restored Protestantism, it was not until the " Glorious Revolution" that reli- 
gious toleration was guaranteed by law. 

" Orinoco [i.e. ^'coiled serpent") is in Venezuela, and empties into the 
Atlantic in Lat. 8° 40'. Three of its tributaries are larger than the Danube. 

' Labrador, a vast peninsula in the eastern part of British America. Cabot 
discovered it in Lat. 56°, and called it Terra Labrador, or "cultivable land," 
to distinguish it from Greenland. 

^ Florida, the southern peninsula of the United States, extends as far south 
2 (13) 



X4 HENRY VIII. [1509-1547. 

1510. First European city on the continent built by Balboa 
(sent out by SjMin,^) on the Isthmus of Darien.' 

1512. Ponce de Leon (sent out by Spain, ^) discovers 
Florida.^ 

1513. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean.^ 

1520. De Allyon (sent out by SjMin,^) visits Carolina.^ 

1521. Mexico '° conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez. 

1522. First voyage around the world performed by a ship 
of Magellan's squadron (sent out by Spain^). 

1524. Yerrazani (sent out by France,^^) explores the coast 
from Florida*^ to Labrador % and names the country New 
France.'^ 

1528. Narvaez (sent out by Spain,^) attempts to conquer 
Florida.^ 

1532. Peru'^ conquered by the Spaniards under Pizarro. 

as 25°. It was so named from Pasqua Florida, i. e., Palm Sunday, the day 
on which it was discovered. 

'' Darien (da'-ri-en), called also Panama (pan-a-ma'), is the isthmus which 
unites North and South America, between 7° and 9^° North Latitude. In 
the narrowest part it is only thirty miles wide. 

^ Pacific Ocean extends from America to Asia and Australia. It was 
called Pacific by Magellan, in consequence of the prosperous weather he 
enjoyed while traversing it. 

* Carolina, so called in honor of Charles IX, (Carohts). The two provinces 
were united until 1729. (Inhabitant, Car-o-lin'-i-an.) 

'° Mexico lies west of the Gulf of Mexico, partly in the Torrid, and partly 
in the North Temperate Zone. It remained a Spanish province until 1824, 
when, after several attempts to throw off the 3'oke of Spain, it was declared 
independent. It has since remained nominally a Republic, though the 
government is very unsettled. 

" France, one of the Five Great Powers of Europe, separated from England 
by the English Channel and Straits of Dover. The name of France is derived 
from the Franks (freemen), a confederacy of German nations, who overran 
Gaul after the extinction of the Western Roman Empire, A. D. 476, and were 
united under one head by Clovis, about the beginning of the sixth century. 
The Government is at present an Empire; the religion, Roman Catholic. 

'^ New France. — This name was originally given to the whole country 
explored by Yerrazani, but afterwards was applied exclusively to Canada, by 
which name it was known as long as it remained in the possession of France. 

'■■' Peru, a country of South America, in the Torrid Zone, remained subject 
to Spain until 1R21, when it was declared independent. It is now a Federal 
Rppublic. 



1658-1603.] ELIZABETH. 15 

1534. Gulf and River St. Lawrence'^ discovered by Cartier 
■(sent out by France^^). 

1535. Cartier sails as far as Montreal,'^ and takes posses- 
sion of the country in the name of France." 

1539. De Soto (sent out by Sj)ain,^) undertakes the con- 
quest of Florida.'^ 

1541. De Soto discovers the Mississippi"^ Kivcr. 

1542. Death of De Soto. 

1562. Ribault {sent out by Goligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
at Port Royal, '^ S. C, which was the first attempt to plant a 
colony in the United States. 

1564. French Protestants, under Laudonnier, (sent out by 
Goligny,) settle in Florida.^ 

1565. First permanent settlement in the United States at 
St. Augustine, ^^ Florida,^ by the Spaniards. 

1583. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland,'^ in the 
name of Queen Elizabeth, 

'* St. Lawrence issues from Lake Ontario, and empties into the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence. Considering the river in connection with the lakes, it takes various 
names : between Lake Superior and Huron, it is called the St. Mary; between 
Lakes Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and Detroit; between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario, the Niagara; and between Ontario and the sea, the St. Lawrence. 
Its length, including the chain of lakes, is 2200 miles. 

'^ Montreal, the principal town of Canada, is on an island in the St Law- 
rence, just below the Ottawa River. It is 142 miles southwest from Quebec. 
"Population, 58,000, 

"* Mississippi {Jlfissi Sipi, i. e., the "Great Water") River is, with the Mis- 
souri, the longest river in the world. Flowing from north to south, through 
18° of latitude, it has a descent of six inches to the mile — the current con- 
tinually increases in velocity, until it reaches sixty or seventy miles per day. 
\''essels are usually eight to ten daj'S in ascending from the Gulf to New 
Orleans, and nine or ten weeks in reaching the mouth of the Illinois River. 
By steam, the passage to Cincinnati and back is accomplished in less than 
twenty days. The first steamboat on the Western waters was built at Pitts- 
burg in 1811. 

" Port Roj-al is an island on the coast of South Carolina, fifty miles south- 
west from Charleston. 

"^ St. Augustine is on the east coast of Florida, thirty-five miles south of the 
St. John's River. On the cast is Matanzas Sound, separating it from Anaa- 
tasia Island. Population, 2000. 

'* Newfoundland (uu'-fuud-laud'), an island of British America, southeast 



X6 ELIZABETH. [1558-1603. 

1584. Raleigh's first expedition lauds at Roanoke/" and 
names the country Yirginia.^' 

1585. Raleigli's second expedition, under Sir Richard 
Grenville, settles at Roanoke. ^° 

158t. Raleigh's third expedition, under Captain White, 
fails for want of supplies. 

1592. " Law of Conformity"^^ passed by Elizabeth, and 



of Labrador, and east of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly one thousand miles 
in circumference. It derives all its importance from its fisheries. 

^ Roanoke, an island which separates Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. 

" Virginia, one of the thirteen original States, so called in honor of Eliza- 
beth, the Virgin Queen, originally comprised the country lying between 34° 
and 45° of North Latitude, embracing all the territory between Cape Fear 
and Halifax. In 1606, it was divided into North and South Virginia. The 
State of Virginia is the most northern of the Southern States. Its motto is 
Sic semper tyrannls, " Thus we serve tyrants." It is a slave State, and is 
known as the "Ancient" or "Old Dominion." 

"^ " Law of Conformity." — On the accession of Elizabeth, two parties existed 
in England : those who adhered to the Chureli as established in the reign of 
Edward VI., and those who wished to make it still more pure — hence called 
Puritans. In 1505, those clergymen who would not conform to the use of the 
clerical vestments, Ac, were deprived of their livings. But this only tended 
to make them adhere still more strictly to their principles ; and, under the 
guidance of a zealous leader, Pvobert Brown, they advocated a total separation 
from the Established Church, and an independent organization. From this 
circumstance, they received the names of Brownists, Separatists, or Inde- 
pendents. In 1592 a law was passed, declaring that any person over sixteen 
years of age who refused to attend the public worship of the Established 
Church should be imprisoned; if he persisted in his refusal, he should be 
banished ; and if he returned from banishment, death was the penalty. 

23 "Puritan" was a term applied somewhat indefinitely to all persons 
opposed to the Established Church. It included three parties, viz: political 
puritans, who contended for the greatest amount of civil liberty; puritans in 
discipline, who were opposed to the ceremonies and government of the Epis- 
copal Church; and doctrinal puritans, who were opposed to the doctrines of 
the Established Church, and favored those of the Reformers. 

^ Holland (or. The Netherlands,) is a low, flat country in the north-western 
part of Europe, on the North Sea. The Puritans first went to Amsterdam, 
and then to Leyden. 



1603-1625.] JAMES I. 17 

1594. New Mexico ^^ settled at Santa Fe'^ by the Spaniards. 

1598. Henry IV., of Fiance, issues the " Edict of Nantes," *'' toleriitiug Protest- 
ants. 

1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.'''' 

1603. De Monts receives from Henry lY., king of France,^' 
a grant of Acadia ^^ ( extending from Delazvare Bay'^ to the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence^*). 

^^ New Mexico, a territory of the United States, acquired from Mexico by 
the treaty of 1848. Its area was increased by treaty in 1854, when the 
United States acquired the Mesilla Valley, a tract of bottom land eight or 
ten miles long, in the southern part of New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande. 
Population, 61,547; area., 207,007 square miles. 

*" Santa Fe (san'-ta fa'), the capital of New Mexico, is on the Rio Chicito, 
or Santa Fe River, twenty miles from the Rio Grande. One or two newspapers 
are issued here. Population, 4846. 

^'' Nantes (nants), a city of France, on the Loire, noted for the famous 
** Edict" in favor of the Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV., 1598, and 
revoked by Louis XIV., 1685. Population, 110,000. 

'^ Cape Cod, a peninsula on the southern side of Massachusetts Bay, so 
called from the number of cod-fish found there. 

'^Acadia (a-ca'-de-a), a name originally applied to all the French posses- 
sions in North America, but afterwards limited to Nova Scotia (no'-va 
sko'-she-a,) and New Brunswick, From 1614, when Argall conquered it, 
until 1710, it was repeatedly captured by the English, and as often ceded back 
to the French. In 1710, Nova Scotia was permanently annexed to the 
British crown, and Port Royal was named Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne 
(1702-1713). In King George's war. Cape Breton (kapc brit'-on), which was 
considered a part of Acadia, was taken by the English in 1745, but was 
restored by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aix-la-sha-pcl'). After this treaty, 
the British Government determined to introduce English colonists, and 
Halifax was settled by the lion. Ed. Cornwallis. England, at this time, 
claimed all that largo territory, including not only Nova Scotia, but New 
Brunswick; while France contended that the peninsula only was referred to 
in the treaty. In 1755, the English completed the conquest of Acadia. The 
French inhabitant.^, deeply attached to the mother country, steadily refused 
to take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain, and a few individuals remained 
in open rebellion. The Government, with the advice of Admirals Boscawen 
and Mostyn, then formed the horrible plan of tearing the inhabitiints from their 
homes, and dispersing them among the British Colonies. They were driven 
on board the ships at the point of the bayonet, and carried to various towns on 
the coast. In order to prevent their return, the houses were burned and the 
lands laid waste. In 1763, the French possessions were ceded to England. 

^° Delaware Bay lies between New Jersey and Delaware. The southern 
2* 



18 JAMES I. [1003-1625. 

1605. First permanent French settlement in America^ at 
Port RoyaP' (Nova Scotia,^^ near the Bay of Fundi f^). 

1606. James I. grants South Virginia-' to the London 
Company, and North Virginia-' to the Plymouth Company. 

1007. First permanent English settlement in America^ at 
Jamestown.^'* 

1608. Champlain {sent out hy France, ^^) founds Quebec.'^ 

1609. Hudson River ^^ discovered by Henry Hudson {sent 
out by the Dutch). 

1614. NevvYork"'' settled at Manhattan'' by the Dutch. 
Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penobscot^'' to 
Cape Cod.^^ 

point of New Jersey is Cape Maj', on which is the celebrated watering-place, 
Cape Island City. On the Delaware side is Cape Ilenlopen. The baj' is 
twenty miles wide at its mouth. 

^' Port Royal, named Annapolis in 1710, once the capital of French Acadia, 
is in the western part of Nova Scotia, near the Bay of Fundy. 

^ Nova Scotia,— (.S'ee Acadia,'^). 

" Bay of Fundy lies between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. It is 
remarkable for the height of its tides, which often reach sixty feet. 

^* Jamestown, the oldest English settlement in the United States, is on the 
cast side of the James River, due west of Yorktown, and southeast of the 
Chickahominy River. The place is in ruins, and is not found on modern maps. 

^'Quebec (called the "Gibraltar of America,") is a strongly fortified city 
of Canada East, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Charles. In 
1759, the French, under Montcalm, were encamped below the city, between 
the Montmorenci and the St. Charles, while the English lay on the other side 
of the Montmorenci. Point Levi, immediately opposite the city, and Orleans, 
a few miles down the river, were also occupied by the English. Quebec is 
from an Indian word, Kehcc, "narrow." Population, 43,000. 

* The Hudson River, named after Henry Hudson, flows nearly due south, 
in the eastern part of New York, and empties into New Yoi'k Bay. 

^'' New York, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
the Duke of York and Albany, to whom it was granted in 1064. New York 
is the first State in commerce, and only exceeded by Penns3dvania and Massa- 
chusetts in manufactures. It is a free State. 

'5 Manhattan, or New York Island, is formed by the Hudson, East, and 
Harlem Rivers. It is fourteen miles long. The name is Indian, signifying 
" the place where we all got drunk together." 

^ Penobscot (pe-nob'-skot), is the largest river in Maine. At its mouth it 
is fifty miles east of the Kennebec. 



1603-1625.] JAMES I. 19 

1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
by Governor Ycardley at Jamestown/^^ Yirginia.^' 

1620. Massachusetts''^ settled at riymoiilh" by English 
Puritans. ^^ 

1621. Massasoit (Chief of the WamjDanoags,) makes a 
treaty with the settlers at Plymouth.'" 

1622. Settlers at Jamestown^' massacred by the Indians. 

1624. New Hampshire'^ settled at Dover"' by the English. 
New Jersey'^"* settled at Bergen"^ by the Dutch and Danes. 

1625. Maine"' settled at Bristol""^ by the English. 

*° Massachusetts, often called the "Bay State," is one of the thirteen original 
States. Its motto is, '• By the sword she seeks peace under liberty." Massa- 
chusetts is a free State. 

*' Plymouth (so called from Plymouth, in England,) is thirty-eight miles 
southeast from Boston. A part of the rock on which the Pilgrims landed 
was placed in the centre of the town in 177-1. Population, 5000. 

*"' New Hampshire, one of the thirteen original States, is so called from 
Hampshire, in England, from which many of the settlers came. New Hamp- 
shire was united with Massachusetts in 1641, and separated in 1680; united 
again in 1690, separated in 1092,- again united in 1699, and finally separated 
in 1741. From 1699 until 1741^ the two Colonies had separate Legislatures, 
but the same Governor. New Hampshire is a free State. 

" Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco Bivcr, four miles 
above its junction with the Piscataqua. It was formerly called Cocheco. 

^^ New Jersey, one of the thirteen original States, was so called in honor of 
Sir George Carteret, who had defended the Island of Jersey during the civil 
war. In 1677 it was divided into East and "West Jersey, and from this fact 
comes the expression "the Jerseys." In the narrowest part it is only thirty 
miles wide. New Jersey is a free State. 

*^ Bergen, a town in New Jersey, on the top of Bergen Bidgc, three miles 
west of New York City. Population, about 3000. 

"^ Maine is the most eastern of the United States; and Eastport, 67° West 
Long., the most eastern town. In 1652, Maine united with Massachusetts, 
though it was not until 1677 that the dispute between Massachu&etts and the 
heirs of Gorges was decided in England in favor of Massachusetts. Maine 
became a State in 1820. Its motto is I)in'(/o, "I direct." Maine is a free 
State. 

*■" Bristol is a town on the coast of Maine, between the Penobscot and Ken- 
nebec Pavers. Population, DOOO. 



20 CHARLES I. [1G25-1640. 

1627. Delaware'^ settled at Cape Henlopen'^ by the Swedes 
and Finns. 

1633. Connecticut^^ settled at Windsor^' by emigrants from 
Massachusetts.'*'' 

1634. Maryland 5' settled at St. Mary's" by Roman Cath- 
olics, under Lord Baltimore. 

1635. Sir Henry Yane emigrates to America. The king forbids Crom-wcll and 
Hampden to leave Enu;Iand. 

1636. Rhode Island'' settled at Providence" by the Bap- 
tists, under Roger Williams. 

*' Delaware, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest of the United 
States, except Rhode Island. Area, only 2120 square miles. Delaware is a 
slave State, but contains only 2000 slaves. 

*^ Cai)e Henlopen is in Delaware, on the south side of Delaware Bay, oppo- 
site to Cape May. The Delaware Breakwater is a few miles north of the Cape. 

'° Connecticut (kon-net'-e-kut), one of the thirteen original States, is tho 
most southern part of New England. The name is probably Indian. Its 
motto is, "He who transplanted still sustains." Connecticut is a free State. 

'' Windsor is on the west side of the Connecticut River, seven miles north 
of Hartford. 

" Maryland, one of the thirteen original States, and the most southern of 
the Middle States, derives its name from Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. 
It is third in the Union in the amount of tobacco raised. Maryland is a slave 
State. 

" St. Mary's, a town on the St. Mary's River, ten miles from its junction 
with the Potomac. 

'^ Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original States, is the smallest State in 
the Union, having an area of only 1225 square miles, exclusive of Narragan- 
sett Bay. The greatest liberty in religious opinions prevailed in Rhode Island 
from its settlement. Unlike the other Colonies, Rliode Island did not adopt 
a Constitution at the Revolution, but continued to be govei-ned by the Charter 
obtained in 1663, until 1842, when an attempt was made to form a Constitu- 
tion. A difficulty occurred as to the 7node of adopting the Constitution. The 
"Suifrage Party" (having, in the opinion of their opponents, acted illegally 
in the formation of the Constitution,) elected a Legislature, and chose Thomas 
W. Dorr as Governor. At tho same time, the "Law and Order Party" elected 
Samuel W. King, Governor, and in 1843 both parties met and organized their 
respective governments. A civil war ensued, which was ended by the arrest 
and imprisonment of Dorr for treason, and the establishment of the Constitu- 
tion legally adopted. Dorr was pardoned in 1845. Rhode Island is a free 
State. Its motto is " Hope." 

" Providence, a town at the bead of Narragansett Bay, on both sides of tho 
Providence Ptiver. 



16l9-16R0;j THE COMMONWEALTH. 21 

1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge. ^^ 

1639. First printing-press established in America.^ — 
(First hook pr^inted, the "Freeman^s OathJ'' ) 

1641. New Hampshire"^ unites with Massachusetts."*^ 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Island,^^) for mutual protection and defence. 

1644. Second massacre of the Virginia^' settlers by the 
Indians. 

1646. Defeat of the Indians at Strickland Plains" by New 
York^^ settlers. 

1640. Charles I. beheaded by the Parliament, and mon- 
archy abolished. 

1651. " Navigation Acts "'^ passed by Cromwell. 
1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 

1658. Death of Cromwell. 



'^ Cambridge (originally called Newtown), is one of the suburbs of Boston, 
with which it is connected by a bridge. As the traveller passes through it, 
on his way to Mt. Auburn, many objects remind him that he is on classical 
ground. There stands the house Avhich Washington made his head-quarters 
in 1775, now occupied by Longfellow, the poet 

'■' Strickland Plains was on an isthmus in the south-western part of Con- 
necticut, then claimed by the Manhattan Colony. Being used for pasturing 
horses, it was called Ilorseneck. The toAvn on this site is called Greenwich 
(grcen'-witch). It should be observed that there is a difference in the pro- 
nunciation of many names in England and America. The tendency in Eng- 
land is to shorten all proper names. Greenwich and Norwich are there always 
pronounced Grin'-idge and Nor'-idge. Care should be taken, therefore, to 
make the proper distinction in these words. 

*^ The "Navigation Acts" provided that no merchandize should be imported 
into any of the British Colonies, except in vessels built in England or her 
plantations, and navigated by Englishmen ; and that none but native or natu- 
ralized subjects should exercise the occupation of merchant or factor in any 
English settlement. The principal articles of American production (such as 
cotton, wool, tobacco, and sugar,) were not allowed to be exported to any 
country but England. In 16G3, Charles II. made these restrictions still more 
oppressive, by prohibiting the importation of European commodities into the 
Colonies, except in English ships, laden in England. This last provision 
obliged the colonists to purchase all foreign articles in England, even though 
they could be purchased more advantageously in other countries. 



22 CHARLES II. [1660-1685. 

1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

Arrival of the Regicides^' {Goffe and Whalley). 

1663. North Carolina'^ settled by the English at Albe- 
marle. ^° 

Second "Navigation Aets"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1664. New Netherlands surrenders to the English, and the 
name of Manhattan^^ is changed to New York." 

(Charles II. grants the province to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany.) 

1669. Wisconsin^^ settled at Green Bay" by the French. 

^^ North Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled as early 
as 1653, by emigrants from Virginia, but its permanent settlement dates from 
that made under the auspices of Lord Albemarle, in 1663. Its soil is aurife- 
rous, and a branch mint has been established at Charlotte. To a member of 
Congress from Buncombe, in this State, we are indebted for the expression 
frequently occurring in newspaper accounts of Congressional proceedings, viz: 
'' Talking for Buncombe." North Carolina is a slave State. (Inhabitant, 
North Car-o-lin'-e-an.) 

^° Albemarle Sound, so called in honor of the Duke of Albemarle. The first 
settlements were on the ChoAvan, near the present village of Edcnton. 

^' On the restoration of monarchy, by the accession of Charles II., an "Act 
of Indemnity" was passed, towards all persons who had taken part against 
the crown, except those concerned in the death of the king. Against these, 
criminal proceedings Avere instituted. Sixty of the regicides were brought to 
trial — ten were executed — the rest were reprieved, and imprisoned or banished. 
Two of the latter, GoflFe and "Whalley, succeeded in escaping to Boston, where 
they were kindly received by Gov. Endicott and the inhabitants. At various 
times, inefi"ectual attempts were made by the king to arrest thenu It is said 
that Goffe Avas concealed for many years in the house of the minister of Hadley. 
During King Philip's War, the. Indians attacked that place, while the inhab- 
itants Avere engaged in divine service. In the midst of the consternation and 
confusion that ensued, an unknoAvn man of A-enerable aspect suddenly aj^pearcd, 
placed himself at the head of the terrified inhabitants, and led them on to 
victory. It was GofFe. He died in 1679. 

" New York, the largest city in the United States, and the thu-d in point 
of wealth and population in the civilized world, comprises the island of Man- 
hattan at the junction of the East and Hudson Rivers. Lat. 40° 42' 43" N., 
Lon. 74° 0' 3" W. Population, 624,179. 

" Wisconsin, originally a part of the " Northwest Territorj-," was erected 
into a separate territorial government in 1836, and became a State in 1848. 
"Wisconsin is a free State. Its motto is, "Civilization has succeeded barba- 
rism." 

" Green Bay, a thriving toAvn in Wisconsin, at the head of Green Bay, and 



1660-1685.] CHARLES II. 23 

16*70. South Carolina'^ settled at Port Koyal'^ by the 
English. 

Michigan ^^ settled at Detroit^' by the French. 

1672. Liberty of "free trade" taken away from the Colo- 
nies by Charles II. 

1673. Mississippi'^ River navigated by Marquette. 

1675. Commencement of "King Philip's War." 

1676. " King Philip's War " ended by his death. 
1680. New Hampshire'*^ separates from Massachusetts."" 
1680. New Hampshire"^ becomes a royal province. 

at the mouth of the Fox River, 114 miles north from Milwaukee. When tho 
present improvements of the river are completed, Green Bay will have unin- 
terrupted steam navigation with the Mississippi. Population, 2500. 

^' South Carolina, one of the thirteen original States, was settled principally 
by the English, but after the revocation of the "Edict of Nantes,'' in 1685, 
.many Huguenots (French Protestants,) sought refuge on its hospitable shores. 
Its first Constitution was prepared by the celebrated John Locke, at the 
request of Lord Shaftsbury. It was ludicrously unsuited to the condition of 
the settlers, establishing a hereditary order of nobility, with all the appendages 
of royalty, among a people dwelling in rude log huts, thinly scattered over a 
large extent of wilderness. The Constitution was abrogated in 1693. South 
Carolina is a slave State. Its motto is, Dum spiro, spero, "While I live 
I hope." She is called the "Palmetto State." (Inhabitant, South Car-o- 
lin'-i-an.) 

*^ Michigan (mish'-i-gan), meaning "great water," one of the Western 
States, was formed out of the Northwest Territory. The staple products are 
wheat, Indian corn, oats, and Irish potatoes (for which the soil is especially 
favorable). It has probably the richest copper-mines in the world. Lakes 
Huron and Superior are connected by St. Mary's Straits, in which navigation 
is impeded by the Rapids of Sault St. Mary (usually pronounced Soo-sent- 
md-ree, Fr. pron. So-aang-ma-ree). Congress gave the State of Michigan 
750,000 acres of land to construct a ship-canal around these rapids. The 
"work, in size and style, is superior to anything of the kind on the continent. 
The locks are supposed to be the largest in the world, the gates being each 
forty feet wide. The main body of the canal is excavated through solid 
rock. The British did not surrender Detz-oit until 1796. Michigan is a free 
Btate. 

" Detroit, so called from the strait on which it is situated, (in French, De- 
troit,) is on the west bank of the river, eighteen miles from Lake Erie. It is 
a port of entry; the annual exports amounting to $4,000,000, and its imports 
to $15,000,000. Population, 35,000. 



24 JAMES II. [1685-1689, 

1682. Pennsylvania'^ settled at Philadelphia «» by William 
Penn. 

1685. Arkansas '"settled at Arkansas Post'' by the French. 

Louis XIV. revokes the '• Edict of ^'antes,"-'' and many Protestants, called 
Huguenots, emijtrate to America. ^ 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 
Charter of Connecticut^ hidden in an oak. 

1688. New York" and New Jersey ^^ included in the juris- 
diction of Andross. 

" Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France." AViniam 
and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. "King William's War " (hehveen EnglamP and 
France, ^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 

1690. Texas'' settled at De Bexar"' by the Spaniards. 

*^ Pennsylvania, one of the thirteen original States, is the first State in tho 
Union for wheat, rye, coal, and iron, and the second in population. It was 
named in honor of William Penn, (Penn's sylvia, or woods,) and is the only 
instance of an American colony settled without bloodsheciw Pennsylvania is 
a free State. Its motto is, "Virtue, liberty, and independence." It is called 
the "Keystone State." (Inhabitant, Penn-syl-va'-ni-an.) 

*® Philadelphia, the second city of the United States in population, is situ- 
ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, six miles above their con- 
fluence. Camden is on the opposite side of the Delaware, in New Jersey, 
and West Philadelphia, one of its suburbs, on the west bank of the Schuylkill. 
Population, in 1850, 408,000. Latitude, 40° K; Long., 75° W. 

■"• Arkansas (ar-kan'-sas), one of the Western States, was formerly a part of 
Louisiana Territory, purchased from France in 1803. It is rich in mineral 
resources, coal, iron, lead, manganese, gypsum, and salt. Grain and stock 
are the staple products. Arkansas became a territory in 1819, and a State in 
1836. It is a slave State. 

■" Arkansas Post is on the left bank of the Arkansas River, fifty miles from 
its mouth. 

" Texas (tex'-as,) was formerly a Mexican province. An extensive emi- 
gration from the United States commenced in 1821, and in 1832 had swelled 
to such an amount as to induce the inhabitants to petition the Government 
for admission into the Mexican Confederacy as an independent State. 
Stephen F. Austin was appointed to present the petition, which was refused, 
and Austin imprisoned for more than a year. On his release, the Texans 
resolved to resort to arms, and headed by Austin, Fannin,'Travis, and Colonel 



1688-1702.] WILLIAM AND MARY. 25 

Indiana^* settled at Yincennes'^ by the French. 

Phipp's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 

Dover '^ burned by the Indians. 

1692. Salem ^' witchcraft. 

1697. King William's War ended by Treaty of Ryswick.^^ 

1699. Louisiana ^^ settled at Iberville^ by the French. 

Bowie, preparatioDS were made for war. A Convention in 1835 chose Henry 
Smith for Governor, and Samuel Houston, Commander-in-chief of the Army. 
The Texans took San Antonio de Bexar in 1835 ; but, in 1836, the spirit of 
the people was roused to the utmost pitch of indignation by the barbarities 
that were practised by the Mexicans at Bexar, the Alamo, and Goliad. Among 
the slain at the Alamo were Travis, Bowie, and David Crockett. A decisive 
battle took place at San Jacinto, when the Mexican force was totally destroyed, 
and Santa Anna captured. The independence of Texas was acknowledged 
by the United States and European nations ; and, in 1845, Texas became a 
State in the American Union. Texas is the Indian word for "friends." 
(Adjective and inhabitant, Texan.) Area, 237,504 square miles. Texas is a 
slave State. 

" San Antonio de Bexar, a thriving town in Texas, on the San Antonio 
River, 110 miles southwest from Austin. It has a large trade, and contains a 
United States Arsenal. Population, 7000. 

" " Indiana, one of the Western States, formed out of the Northwest Terri- 
tory, lies between Lake Michigan on the north, the AVabash River on the 
west, and the Ohio on the south. Indiana ranks the fourth State in the 
amount of Indian corn raised, and the seventh in population. Wyandotte 
Cave, in Crawford County, is said to rival the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 
It has been explored for many miles ; its chambers and galleries abound in 
stalactites and other formations. Indiana is a free State. 

■■* Vincennes, a town in Indiana, on the Wabash River. 

■"* Dover, a town in New Hampshire, on the Cocheco River, twelve miles 
northwest from Portsmouth. 

" Salem, a town on Massachusetts Bay, thirteen miles northeast from Boston. 
Indian name, Na-um-keag. Population, 20,934. 

" Ryswick (riz'-wik), a town in the western part of Holland, two miles 
southeast from Hague (haig), and thirty-five miles southwest from Amsterdam. 
Population, 2,300. 

" Louisiana (loo'-iz-e-an'-na), the first State formed from the Louisiana 
Territory, was settled principally by France and Spain. Cotton and sugar 
arc the staple products, but tropical fruits are produced in the southern part. 
Louisiana is a slave State. Its motto is "Union and confidence." Inhabit- 
ant, Louisianian (loo'-iz-e-an'-e-an). 

«° Iberville (I-ber-vil), a village in Louisiana, on the Mississippi River, 
ninety miles above New Orleans. 

3 



26 QUEEN ANNE. [1702-1714. 

It 00. Yale College founded at Saybrook.^^ (Removed in 
1117 to New Haven.'') 

1702. Queen Anne's War cominences (heticeen England^ 
and Franc e,^^) in America.^ 

1704. First newspaper published in America^ in Boston.^' 
(''Boston Weekly News-Lettei'.''^) 

Deerfield^ burned by the Indians and French. 

1711. Alabama ^^ settled at Mobile ^^ by the French. 

Admiral "Walker's unsuccessful expedition against Canada." 

1713. Queen Anne's War ended by Treaty of Utrecht.^^ 

1716. Mississippi^^ settled at Natchez^ by the French. 

^' Saybrook, a town at the mouth of the Connecticut River, on the western 
side. It was so called in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brooke, to 
whom it was transferred by Lord Warwick. 

** New Haven is a port of entry in Connecticut, on Long Island Sound, 
thirty-four miles southwest from Hartford. It is called the '' City of Elms." 
Its Indian name is Quinipiac. Population, 23,000. 

*^ Boston, the second commercial city in the United States, is at the western 
extremity of Massachusetts Bay, in 42° 21' N. Lat., and 71° 4' W. Longitude. 
Inhabitant, Bostonian (bos-to'-ne-an). Population in 1850, 136,000. 

** Deerfield, a small town in Massachusetts, west of the Connecticut River, 
and north of Springfield. Population, 2500. 

^' Alabama, one of the Southern States, was visited by De Soto in 1540. 
In 1702, Brienville built afort on Mobile Bay; the present site of Mobile was 
not occupied until 1711. Alabama formed a part of Georgia until 1802, was 
then a part of Mississippi until 1817, when it was erected into a Territory, 
and in 1819 became a State. Alabama raises more cotton than any other 
State in the Union. It is a slave State. 

*^ Mobile, a town on the west bank of the Mobile River, thirty miles from 
the Gulf of Mexico. Population, 20,000. 

*■" Canada, the most important part of British America, extends from 64° to 
nearly 91° W. Long. Its most southern extremity is Pelee Island, in Lake 
Erie, 41° 45' N. Lat. Canada comprises all the territory north of the Lakes, 
as far west as the heads of the streams falling into Lake Superior. Upper 
and Lower Canada were united in 1841. Upper Canada, now called Canada 
West, on the western side of the Ottawa River, has a much milder climate and 
more productive soil than Canada East. 

** Utrecht (u'-trekt), is a noted city in Holland, on the Rhine, twenty miles 
Boutheast from Amsterdam. Population, 50,000. 

»' Mississippi was formerly a part of West Florida. It was erected into a 
territorial government in 1798, and in 1817 was admitted into the Union. 
Mississippi is a slave State. Inhabitant, Mississippian (mis-sis-sip'-e-an). 



1727-1760.] GEO RUE II. 21 

1720. Illinois'' settled at Kaskaskia*^ by the French. 
1725. Yermont^^ settled at Fort Dumraeu^^ by emigrants 
from Massachusetts."^ 

1732. George Washington born in Westmoreland"^ County, 
Virginia.^' 

Laws "^ passed restricting mamifactures. 

1733. Georgia ^^ settled at Savannah ^^ by the English. 

Soon after the settlement of Georgia,®^ the celebrated preachers, John 

Wesley and George Whitfield, visited America.* 
" Sugar Act" "■'' passed. 

1744. King George's War (between England^ and 
France^\) commences in America.^ 

'° Natchez, the largest commercial city of Mississippi, is on the Mississippi 
Eiver, 279 miles above New Orleans. Population, GOOO. 

" Illinois (il-in-oi'), one of the Western States, was formed out of the North- 
west Territory. It has Lake Michigan and the Wabash River on its eastern 
boundary, the Ohio on its southern, and the Mississippi on its western. 
Illinois is rich in minerals : lead, bituminous and anthracite coal, copper, iron, 
and marble. The State ranks third in the production of Indian corn. Illinois 
is a free State. 

®^ Kaskaskia, a town in Illinois, on the Kaskaskia River, two miles from 
the Mississippi River. 

'' Vermont (verde monts), so called from the Green Mountains, is one of the 
New England States. It was settled at Fort Dummer, near Brattleboro, in 
1724. The territory of this State was claimed both by New York and New 
Hampshire. In 1777, the people declared themselves independent, but tlio 
oppositiort of New York was only Avithdrawn by the payment of $30,000. 
Vern^ont is a free State. 

" Fort Dummer, now Brattleboro, is on the right bank of the Connecticut 
River, 100 miles from Montpelier. 

®* "Westmoreland County is on the Potomac River. 

^ Georgia, the last settled of the original thirteen States, was named in 
honor of the reigning monarch, George II., who granted the territory as an 
asylum for the poor of England and the persecuted Protestants of all nations. 
The Spaniards claimed the country as far north as 33°. Georgia is one of 
the most flourishing of the Southern States. It is a slave State. 

" Savannah, the largest commercial city in Georgia, is on the right bank 
of the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. The British took it 
in 1778, and evacuated it in July, 1783. Population in 1853, 21,000. 



28 GEORGE II. [1727-1700. 

1745. Louisburg^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by the British. 
(British commanders, Sir William Fepperell and Admiral 
Warren.) 

1748. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle.'«» 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 175C-1763. 

1749. George II. grants the territory on the Ohio"" River 
to the Ohio Company. 

1753. Washington sent with' a letter of remonstrance to 
St. Pierre, the French Commander at Yenango.'^^ 

1754. Expedition against the French. 

Washington surprises the French at Great Meadows,"^ 

(Jumonville killed.) 

AVashingtoiucapitulates at Fort Necessity.""' 

Convention meets at Albany.'"^ ( Plan of confederation 

jDi^ojyosed by Dr. Franklin.) 



^^ Louisburg (loo'-e-burg), is on the southeast side of the island of Cape 
Breton (kape brit'-on). After its capture in 1758, the buildings were demo- 
lished, and the materials carried away for the construction of Halifax and 
other towns. It is difficult now to trace the position of the principal buildings 
and fortifications. 

"* Cape Breton (kape brit'-on), an island of British America, lies between 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Its capital is Sj'dney. 

"^ Aix-la-Chapclle (aix-la-sha-pel'), a town in Khenish Prussia. It derives 
its name from a splendid chapel built by Charlemagne. The doors of this 
temple were of bronze, and its dome bore a massive globe of gold. Aix-la- 
Chapelle was for some time the capital of the empire. Charlemagne was 
buried there in A. D. 814. Population, 46,000. 

"" Ohio River is formed by the junction of the Monongahela and Alleghany 
Rivers, in the western part of Pennsylvania, and empties into the Mississippi. 
Length, 950 miles. 

'°^ Venango, now Franklin, is the capital of Venango County, Pa. Aux 
Boeuf (o-buff), now French Creek, in Venango County, is a west branch of 
the Alleghany River. 

'"' Great Meadows is ten miles east of Uniontown, Pa. 

'"^ Fort Necessity was in Fayette County, Pa., on the National Road. 

'"* Albany (aul'-ba-ne), the capital of New York, is on the west bank of the 
Hudson River, 160 miles north from the city of New York. It was called 
Fort Orange until 1664, when its name was changed, in honor of the Duke 
of York and Albany, to whom the territory was granted. 



1727-1700.] OEOllOE II. 29 

1755. Braddock appointed Comraander-in-cliief. 

British, under Monckton, take Acadia''^ (Nova ScoHa^^). 

Expedition aj^ainst Fort Du Quesne."* Braddock's defeat. 
(Sliirly succeeds Braddock.) 

Johnson defeats the French at Lake George.'*^ (Dieskau 
killed.) 

Expedition against Ticonderoga'°^ and Crown Point, '°^ 
under Johnson, abandoned. 

1156. War declared. Lord Loudon, Commander-in-chief. 

Fort Oswego '"^ taken by Montcalm. 

The Provincials defeat the Indians at Kittaning.'" 

1-757. Tennessee "^ settled at Fort Loudon ''^ by emigrants 
from North Carolina.^^ 

"^ Fort Du Quesne (du-kain'), on the present site of Pittsburg, was built by 
the French in 1754. It was abandoned to General Forbes in 1758, and named 
Pittsburg in honor of William Pitt. It is 357 miles from Philadelphia. Popu- 
lation, 110,241. 

'"'' Lake George, called also Horicon, is a beautiful lake in New York, cast 
of the Hudson River. During the French and Indian AVar, Major Rodgcrs, 
being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down a rock, rising almost perpen- 
dicular from the lake to the height of 200 feet, and landed safely on the ice. 

*°^ Fort Ticonderoga was on the west side of Lake Champlain, at the outlet 
of Lake George. This fort was considered the Gibraltar of America, requiring 
10,000 men to garrison it. Notwithstanding its strength, it is remarkable that 
Ticonderoga surrendered three times without an attempt at defence : in 1759 
to General Amherst, in 1775 to Gen. Ethan Allen, and in 1777 to Burgoyne. 
Mount Defiance, fortified by Burgoyne, which commands Ticonderoga, is in 
NcAv York. Mount Independence is in Vermont. The forts are now in ruins. 

'=' Crown Point, on the western shore of Lake Champlain, is about sevent.y- 
five miles north from Albany. Crown Point was built by the French in 1731, 
who abandoned it in 1759. It was captured by Allen and "Warner in 1775, 
and retaken by Burgoyne in 1777. Some of the ruins are still objects of 
interest. 

"" Fort Oswego. — Old Fort Oswego was on the west side of the river. In 
1755, Fort Ontario was built on the east side of the Oswego River, and north 
of this is the present Fort Oswego. 

'" Kittaning is on the left bank of the Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania, 
forty-five miles above Pittsburg. Population, 2000. 

"^ Tennessee, originally a part of North Carolina, was ceded to the General 
Government in 1790, when it was organized into the "Territory southwest of 
the Ohio." Tennessee is a slave State. 



30 GEORGE II. [1727-1700. 

Expedition against Louisburg^^ abandoned. 

Colonel Munroe surrenders Fort William Henry"^ to Mont- 
calm. (The garrison massacred by the Indians.) 

William Pitt appointed Prime Minister (in June). 

1758. Abercrombie, Commander-in-Chief. 

Louisburg^^ and Cape Breton ^^ taken by Generals Amherst 
and Wolfe. 

Abercrombie repulsed from Ticonderoga '°® by Montcalm. 
(Lord Howe hilled.) 

Fort Frontenac"' (in Canada,^') taken by Colonel Brad- 
street. 

Fort Du Quesne'°^ taken by Colonel Forbes. (Name 
changed lo Pittsburg. ^^) 

1159. General Amherst, Commander-in-chief. 

Quebec "^ taken by General Wolfe. (Death of Wolfe and 
Montcalm.) 

Ticonderoga '^^ and Crown Point '°^ taken by Amherst. 

Fort Niagara""^ taken by Sir William Johnson. fP/'z- 
deaux killed.) 

1760. Montreal'^ capitulated, and the subjugation of the 
French in America^ was completed^ 

1763. War ended by Treaty of Paris,''^ (or Versailles''^). 

France *' ceded to Great Britain ' all the territory claimed by Lcr east of the 
Mississippi '® and north of the Iberville Eiver. 

"^ Fort Loudon was on the Tennessee lliver, near the confines of Georgia 
anil Tennessee. 

"* Fort William Henry was on Lake George, in New York. 

"' Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, is on the northeast part of Lake Ontario, 
in Canada. 

^'^ Quebec, a city and fortress of Canada, on the left bank of the St. Law- 
rence, at its junction with the St. Charles. From its great strength, it is fre- 
quently called the Gibraltar of America. It takes its name from an Indian 
word, Kcbec, signifying "narrow." Population, 30,000. 

'" Fort Niagara, in New York, at the mouth of the Niagara River. 

"* Paris, the capital of France, is on both sides of the River Seine, 11 miles 
from its mouth. Population, 1,000,000. Versailles, the residence of the sove- 
reigns of France, is nine miles southwest from Paris. 



1760-1S20.] GEORGE HI. 31 

EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLUTION. 

1651. Navigation Acts '^ passed by Crounvell. 

1732. Laws*** passed restricting manufactures. 

1733. Sugar Act,"" imposing duties on sugar, colTee, indigo, &c., passed. 

1764. Sugar Act"^ re-enacted. 

Missouri'^" settled at St. Louis'^' by the French. 

It65. Stamp Act'-^ passed. 

Pirst Colonial Congress met in New York. 

(Timothy Kuggles, President. Declaration of rights framed.) 

Grenville succeeded by the Marquis of Rockingham as Prime Minister. The 
JIarquis of Rockingham, Pitt, Barre, Lord Camden, and others, adA'ocato 
the cause of the Colonies, and the repeal of the Stamp Act. 

nee. stamp Act'-'' repealed. 

(Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Prime Minister.) 

Itet. Duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors. 

1768. Military force, under Gen. Gage, stationed at Boston. ^^ 

1769. California* settled at San Diego by the Spaniards. 

1770. Boston ^^ Massacre. 

(Captain Preston tried for murder; ably defended by John Adams and Josiuh 
Quincy, and acquitted.) 

Lord North, Prime Minister. 

Duties repealed, except those on tea, 

1773. Destruction of tea in Boston ^^ harbor, {Dec. 16). 

1774. Boston^^ Port Bill''' passed. 

*" The Sugar Act imposed duties on all sugar and molasses imported into 
the Colonies. Other acts prohibited the exportation from any colony of hats 
and woollens of domestic manufacture; forbade hatters to employ more than 
two appz'entices at a time ; and laid restrictions on the manufacture of iron 
and steel, pitch, tar, and turpentine. 

''^° Missouri is remarkable for enjoying the navigation of the two largest 
rivers in the United States, if not in the world. It is the principal seat of an 
active trade with Santa Fe, and the tcrritorj' lying between the States and 
the Rocky Mountains. (See paragraph ^"°.) Its motto is, " The public safety 
is the supreme law." (Inhabitant, " Missourian.") 

'^' St. Louis, one of the most important cities in the West, is on the Missis- 
sii:)pi River, twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri. 

^■^ The Stamp Act was an act requiring all legal instruments, such as notes, 
bonds, deeds, &q., and printed almanacs, ncwsj^apers, &,c., should be executed 
on stiimped paper, for which a duty should be paid to the crown. 

"' The Boston Port Bill was a bill removing the Custom-house to Salem, 
and prohibiting the landing or shipping of goods to Boston. 

'■>' See Note on Culilornia, l*'£^' '^^•- 



32 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

First Continental Conf::ress met in Pliiladeli)liia/^ — 

(Peyton Randolph and .lolin Hancock, Presidents. This Congress agreed upon a 
declaration of rights, recommended a suspension of commercial intercourse, and Toted 
an address to the king and people of Great Britain' and Canada.*'') 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-1783. 

1175. Kentucky '2' settled at Boonesboro '-'' by Daniel 
Boone. 

Boston *' garrisoned with 3000 troops. General Gage, Eoyal Governor. 

Battle of Lexington. '2^ 

(American Commander, Parker ; British, Smith and Pitcairn. April 19.) 

Ticonderoga'°^ and Crown Point '°' taken by Allen and 
"Warner,* 

Arrival of IIowc, Clinton, and Burgoyne. 

Washington appointed Commander-in-chief, (June 15). 
Battle of Bunker HiU.'-^ 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Prescott, aided by Putnam and Warren ; British, 
Howe, aided by Pigot and Clinton. June 17.) 

Invasion of Canada." Montgomery captures Montreal,'' 
Montgomery killed in an unsuccessful attack on Quebec."® 
1716. Dunmore, the last royal Governor of Yirginia,^' 
destroys Norfolk '" by fire, 

''^'' Kentucky, one of the Southern States, originally formed a part of Vir- 
ginia. It was settled at Boonesboro, in 1775, by Daniel Boone, and others. 
Kentucky is a slave State. 

'^' Boonesboro, a decayed village on the Kentucky Iliver, eighteen miles 
southeast of Lexington. 

'^"^ Lexington, noted as the place vrherc the first blood M'as shed in the 
Revolutionary War, is in Middlese.x County, Massachusetts, eleven miles 
from Boston. 

"^ Breed's Hill is a small eminence in Charlcstovrn, one of the suburbs of 
Boston, Colonel Prescott had orders to fortify Bunker Hill, but Breed's being 
nearer and more eligible, it was concluded to fortify that, 

'*'' Norfolk, a port of entry on Chesapeake Bay, at the mouth of the Eliza- 
beth Iliver, eight miles from Hampton Roads, On the opposite side of the 
river is Gosport, with a United States Arsenal, and extensive dry docks. 

* Arnold joined the expedition the day before the taking of Ticonderoga, as a vohtnteer, 
and had no command. Allen took Ticonderoga, and Warner took Crown l'i>int.— Zoi- 
sing's ''Fkld-Book of the lievoluUun,'" Vol. I., p. 163. 



17G0-1820.] GEORGE III. 33 

Washington fortifies Dorchester Heights. '^^ 
British evacuate Boston/^ and retire to Halifax.''^' 
British, under General Clinton, attack Charleston, '^° and 
are repulsed by Moultrie. 

(British officers, Cornwallis and Sir P. Parker. June 28.) 

Independence proclaimed, July 4th. 

Commiltee that drafted the Declaration — Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, 
Benjamin Franklin, Eoger Sherman, and llobert K. Livingston. 

Commissioners sent to France " to solicit assistance. 

(Benjamin Franklin, &ilas Peane, and Arthur Lee.) 

Battle of Long Island. '='' 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Com., Putnam ; British, Howe and Clinton, Aug. 27.) 
The American Generals, Sullivan, Stirling, and Woodhull, were taken 
prisoners. 

Nathan Hale executed as a spy. 
Battle of White Plains. '^'^ 

(Americans defeated. Amer. Coms., Washington and McDougall ; British, Howe anj 

Leslie. Oct. 28.) 

British take Fort Washington. '^^ 

(Amer. Cora., Magaw; British, Ilowe. Nov.lG.) 

Americans evacuate Fort Lee. '^^ 

(Amer. Com., Greene; British, Cornwallis. Nov. 18.) 

^^ Dorchester Heights are on a peninsula south of Boston, while Charles- 
town is north of it. Washington succeeded in fortifying these heights, and 
Howe, seeing it was impossible to defend the city, determined to evacuate. 
The British were allowed to retire unmolested, on condition that they would 
not burn the city. 

''^ Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is on Chebucto Bay, ten miles from 
the sea, and has an excellent harbor. It was founded in 1749, and named 
after Lord Halifax. 

'^ Charleston, a port of entry, and the largest city in South Carolina, is 
situated at the confluence of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers. Sullivan's Island 
is seven miles below. Population, 30,000. 

'^' Long Island, south of New York and Connecticut, is separated from the 
main-land by Long Island Sound, which, near New York City, is only three 
quarters of a mile wide, and is called the East River. 

'^=^ White Plains, twenty-seven miles northeast of New York City, in West- 
chester County, N. Y. 

"^ Fort Washington is on the east side of the Hudson River, ten miles above 
New York. 

'" Fort Lee is on the west side of the Hudson River, ten miles above N. York. 



34 GEORGE III. [irCO-1820. 

The American army retreats through "the Jerseys. '"^^ 
Battle of Trenton.''^ 

(Americans successful. Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Kahl. Colonel Eahl 
killed. Dec. 26.) 

1111. Battle of Princeton.'" 

(British defeated. Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Maw hood. General Mercer 
killed ; James Monroe wounded. Jan. 3.) 

Arrival of Lafayette. 

Danbury"^ burned by General Tryon's orders. 

"Wooster, Arnold, and Sullivan, defended the town. 

Invasion of Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain.'^ 
Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga.'"^ 

(St. Clair, commander. July 5.) 

General Schuyler evacuates Fort Edward,'*" and is joined by Gen. Lincoln 
and Kosciusko, chief engineer. 

Colonel Barton captures General Prescott. 
A detachment of Burgoyne's army defeated at Bennington "' 
by Stark. 

(British Com., Colonel Baum. Aug. 16.) 

Battle of Brandy wine. '■'^ 

(Amer. Com., "Washington; British, Howe. Knyphausen commanded the Hessians. 
Count Pulaski and Lafayette were in this engagement — the latter was wounded. 
Sept. 11.) 

135 «Tije Jerseys." — This term originated in the fact that New Jersey was 
divided, in 1677, into East and "West Jersey, and was continued until after the 
Revolution. " Glorious news from the Jerseys " gladdened every heart in 
1776, when "Washington fought the victorious battle of Trenton, 

'* Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is at the head of steamboat naviga- 
tion on the Delaware River, twenty-seven miles above Philadelphia. Popu- 
lation, 5000. 

""" Princeton is in New Jersey, partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset 
Counties, eleven miles northeast from Trenton. 

'** Danbury, in Connecticut, on the Norwalk and Danbury Railroad. 

•'^ Lake Champlain is between New York and "\''ermont, and extends a few 
miles north of the Canada line. 

'*" Fort Edward is on the cast side of the Hudson River, forty-five milea 
north of Albany. 

"' Bennington is in Bennington County, Vermont, 117 miles southwest of 
Montpelier. 

'■" Brandywine Creek flows south-easterly through Pennsylvania, and emp- 
ties into Christiana Creek, at Wilmington. The battle was fought at Chad's 
Ford, near Kennet Square, a few miles north of the boundary of Pennsylvania. 



1760-1820.] GEORGE III. 35 

Battle of Stillwater. '^^^ 

(Amer. Com., Gates; British, Burgoyne. Sept. 19.) 

Defeat of General Wayne near Paoli.'''^ {Sept. 20.) 

Congress removes to Lancaster."* Washington retreats to Pottsgrovc.*** 

British, under Cornwallis, enter Philadelpliia. 

(The main body, under Howe, encamp at Germantown.'*'' Sept. 26.) 

Unsuccessful attack on the British at Germantovvn/" 
Battle of Saratoga."^ 

(Amcr. Com., Gates ; British, Burgoyne. Oct. 7.) 

Surrender of Burgoyne, (iOct. H). *" * '"* 

Unsuccessful attack by the British on Fort Mercer."' 

(Donop killed. Americans abandon Forts Mercer'" and Mifflin.''") 

Washington encamps at Yalley Forge. ^^' 

(The British, under Howe, go into winter-quarters at Philadelphia.*') 

IT 18. Treaty of alliance with France." 

(Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee.) 

British, under Clinton, evacuate Philadelphia,^^ (June 18). 
Battle of Monmouth. ''2 

(Amer. Com., Washington; British, Clinton. June 28.) 
Lee reprimanded by Washington. 

'" Stillwater, N. Y., is west of the Hudson and north of the Mohawk Rivers, 
twenty-two miles from Albany. 

"* Paoli is on the Lancaster Turnpike, leading from Lancaster to Phila- 
delphia. The massacre took place one mile south of the Warren tavern, and 
two miles southwest of Paoli tavern. A monument was erected in 1817. 

'"* Lancaster, the fourth city in Pennsylvania, is seventy miles west from 
Philadelphia, and one mile west from Conestoga Creek. 

'^ Pottsgrove, on the Schuylkill River, thirty-five miles northwest from 
Philadelphia. 

"' Germantown is now a part of Philadelphia, six miles N. N. "W. from the 
centre of the city. 

"^ Saratoga is a township in a county of the same name, on the Hudson 
River, at the mouth of Fish Creek. Saratoga Springs, one of the principal 
watering-places in the United States, is twenty-eight miles from Albany. 

*'' Red Bank, which was defended by Fort Mercer, is in New Jersey, on 
the Delaware River, six miles from Philadelphia. The battle-ground is one 
and a half miles from the steamboat landing. A neat monument marks the 
grave of Colonel Donop. 

'* Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, is in the Delaware River, about six miles 
below Philadelphia, opposite Fort Mercer. The fort is still garrisoned. 

'" Valley Forge is in Chester County, Pa., twenty miles northwest of 
Philadelphia. 

"^ Monmouth, now Freehold, is in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Colonel 



36 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

Lord North's " Conciliatory Bill " '^' passed by Parliament. 
France" acknowledges the independence of the Colonies. 
D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet. 
Massacre at Wyoming'^ by British and Indians. 

(Amer. Com., Col. Zebulon Butler ; British, Col. John Butler.) 

Battk of Rhode Island. '"' 

(Amer. Com., SuHivan; British, Pigot. Aug. 29.) 

Massacre at Cherry Yalley '^^ by the British and Indians. 

(.UutJwuua^^iQBJbBWwtedtl^fcWalter Butlery BritishMM^ iDdians, by Braudt, sachem 
of the Mohawks.) • ^ 

British take Savannah.'" 

(Amer. Com., General Howe; British, Colonel Campbell. Dec. 29.) 

Itt9. Sunbury'^^ captured by Gen. Prevost, British Com- 
mander at the south. 

General Lincoln, American Commander of the southern army. 

Gen. Prevost defeats Ash at Brier Creek, '^^ and completes 
the subjugation of Georgia,^ (March 3). 

Monckton, a British officer, was killed in this battle. Molly Pitcher, seeing 
her husband fall while firing a cannon, took his place, and faithfully per- 
formed his duties. Congress, as a reward, gave her half-pay for life. 

'" Lord North's Conciliatory Bill proposed, in vague and general terms, 
that when any colony should offer to make provision for raising a sum of 
money (disposable by Parliament,) for the common defence, and should engage 
to provide for the support of the civil government and the administration of 
justice within its own limits, it would be proper to forbear the levy of any 
taxes or duties within such colony, except such as might be required for the 
regulating of trade. 

js« Wj'oming, a valley lying on both sides of the Susquehanna River, in 
Luzerne County, Pa. The village is on the west side of the river, four miles 
below Wilkesbarre. 

'" Rhode Island. — The city of Newport, which was besieged by Sullivan, 
August 15th, is in the island of Rhode Island (a part of the State of that 
name)- The siege was raised on the 28th, and Sullivan retired to the northern 
part of the island, where the battle took place on the 29th. 

"® Cherry Valley, Otsego County, N, Y., fifty-two miles west of Albany, and 
about fifteen miles south of the Mohawk River. 

'" Savannah, a city and port of entry in Georgia, is on the right bank of 
the Savannah River, fifteen miles from its mouth. Population, 11,000 
"* Sunbury is on the northeast coast of Georgia. 
''" Brier Creek, a branch of the Savannah River, in Georgia. 



1760-1820.] GEORGE III. ^>j 

Stony "^° and Yerplaiik's'^' Points taken by Clinton and 
Vaughn. 

(The garrison abandoned Stony Point "° without resistance. May 31.) 

Expedition against Penobscot,'^^ commanded by Lovell and Saltonstall, 
defeated by the British, under McLean and Colliers, July. 

Tryon's expedition against the towns of Connecticut,^" 
(3Iay-Jidy). 

Gen. Wayne re-takes Stony Point/^ (July 15). 

Sullivan defeats the British and Indians at Chemung. '^^ 

(British commanded by Sir John Johnson and Brandt. Aug. 29. The Indians 
•were the " Six Nations." * 

Paul Jones's Battle ofif Plamboro Head.'^'' Serapis, Capt. 
Pearson, captured by the Bon Homme Richard, (Sej^L 23). 

D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed from Savannah^' by Pre- 
vost. 

(Sergeant Jasper and Count Pulaski mortally wounded. Oct. 9.) 

England^ at war with Holland.^* 

nSO. Sir Henry Clinton, commander at the south. 

Lincoln surrenders Charleston '^^ to Clinton on capitulation. 

Lincoln and his troops, with a large number of citizens, were made prisoners. 
The citizens, and many soldiers, were set at liberty " on parole." 

Gates, commander-in-chief at the south. 



■ '^° stony Point, on the west side of the Hudson River, forty miles above 
New York. 

'" Verplank's Point, on the east side of the Hudson, opposite Stony Point. 

"^ Penobscot, the largest river in Maine, empties into the Atlantic Ocean 
through Penobscot Bay. The settlements were on the site of the present town 
of Castine. 

'" Chemung, or Tioga River, empties into the North Branch of the Susque- 
hanna., in Pennsylvania. The battle was fought at Elmira, in New York, 
near the boundary of Pennsylvania. 

"'* Flamboro Head, on the east coast of England, north of the Ilumber 
River. 

* Five Nations, called, by the French, Iroquois, possessed the central part of the 
present State of New York. They consisted of a confederacy of five tribes : Mohawks, 
Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas. The great council-fire of the confede- 
racy was in the keeping of the Onondagas, and by them was always kept burning. 
From 1711 to 1713, the Tuscaroras, of North Carolina, were engaged in a war with the 
Cofonies. Colonel Moore having seized their fort, and taken 800 prisoners, the re- 
mainder emigrated to New York, and joined the Five Nations, thus making the Six 
Nations. 



38 GEORGE III. [1760-1820. 

Massacre of Buford's regiment at Waxhaw'^ by Tarleton. 

The British, nuder Knyphausen, defeat Greene at Spring- 
field, '^^ (June 23). 

Admiral Ternay's French fleet, and Rocharabeau, arrive. 

Col. Trumbull defeats Sumpter at Rocky Mt.'" (July 30). 

Sumpter defeats the British, under Irwm, at Hanging 
'KocW^ (Aug.Q,), 

First battle of Camden. '^^ Gates defeated by Cornwallis. 

(De Kalb killed. Aug. 16.) 

Tarleton defeats Sumpter at Fishing Creek, '"° and com- 
pletes the subjugation of South Carolina. ^^ (Aug. 18.) 
Arnold turns traitor. Andre (an-drii,) executed as a spy. 
Ferguson defeated by Col. Campbell at King's Mountain."* 

Ferguson slain, 1100 killed, or taken prisoners ; 1500 stand of arm.s taken by 
the Americans. Loss of Americans, 20. 

Gen. Greene supersedes Gates, (Oct. 30). 
Sumpter defeats Wemyss at Broad River. '"^ 

(Weniys.s, severely wounded, was taken prisoner, and allowed to go to Charleston 
" on parole." Nov. 12.) 

Sumpter defeats Tarleton at Blackstocks,''^ on the Tiger.''* 

(Sumpter, the " Carolina Game-cock," wounded. Nov. 20.) 

"^* Waxhaw Creek, in South Carolina, is an east branch of the Catawba, or 
Wateree River, north of Fishing Creek. 

^^ Springfield, in Essex County, New Jersey, northwest of Elizabethtown. 

"'' Rocky Mountain is on the west bank of the Wateree or Catawba River, 
near Fishing Creek, S. C. 

'^® Hanging Rock, S. C, east of the Wateree River, thirty-five miles from 
Camden. 

'" Camden, S. C, on the east bank of the Wateree or Catawba River. The 
first battle took plac« near Sanders' Creek, and is sometimes called "the battle 
of Sanders' Creek." 

"" Fishing Creek, S. C, enters the Catawba River from the west, south of 
Waxhaw Creek. 

'■" King's Mountain, in the southern part of North Carolina, east of the 
Broad River. Lossiug says : " The battle was fought in South Carolina, one 
and a half miles from the boundary." 

*" Broad River, S. C, east of the Saluda, with which it unites at Columbia, 
and forms the Congaree River. 

'"' Blackstocks is on the south bank of the Tiger River, a west branch of 
the Broad River. 

'■" Tiger River is a western branch of Broad River. Blackstocks is on the 
Bouthcrn bank, in the north-western part of South Carolina. 



1/-60-1820.] GEORGE III. 39 

1781. Articles of Confederation"^ adopted. 

Revolt of American troops at Morristown.'^^ 

Arnold and Phillips invade Virginia.^' (Jan.-AprHl.) 

Battle of Cowpens,'"^ South Carolina.^^ 

(British, under Tarleton. defeated bj' Morgan. Jan. 17.) 

Pursuit of Morgan and Greene to Virginia.^' (Feb. 3-14.) 

Surprise of the British, under Pyle, at Haw and Deep Hivers,*" by Lee. 

Feb. 25. 

Battle of Guilford Court-house.''^ 

(Americans, under Greene, defeated by Corn-wallis. March 15.) 

Second battle of Caraden,'^^ or Hobkirk's Hill.''" 

(Greene defeated by Lord Bawdon.) 

Greene drives the British from all the posts in South Caro- 
lina,^' except Charleston,'^'' Ninety-Six,'*' and Augusta.'^'' 

Forts Watson,^^^ Motte,'^* and Georgetown,'^* taken by the Americans. 

Col. Hayne executed on the charge of breaking his parole. 
New London'^ burned by Arnold. 

'"" The Articles of Confederation was a league framed by the members of 
Congress, and approved by all the States, by which Congress was authorized 
to declare war, to conclude peace, contract alliances, and act as sovereign head 
to the nation. But it was totally inadequate to the national wants, giving 
no power to Congress to levy a tax upon the people, or provide for a public 
revenue, or enter into commercial treaties. 

'"^ Morristown, noted for having been the head-quarters of tlio American 
army in the spring of 1777 and 1780, is in New Jersey, thirty-two miles 
northwest of New York. The house occupied by General Washington, and 
an old fort, are still visible. 

''■" Cowpens, near the northern boundary of South Carolina, in Spartanburg 
District, five miles south of Broad River. 

''^ Haw and Deep Rivers unite thirty miles southwest of Raleigh, N. C, 
and form the Cape Fear River. 

'''^ Guilford Court-house, now Greensboro, is in the northern part of North 
Carolina. 

'^° Hobkirk's Hill, about eight miles north of Camden, S. C. 

"' Ninety-Six, in the north-western part of South Carolina, five miles south 
of the Saluda River. 

'^'^ Augusta, a city in Georgia, on the Savannah River, 231 miles from its 
mouth. Population, 12,000. 

"' Fort Watson, on the left bank of the Santee River, S. C. 

"* Fort Motte, on the right bank of the Congaree River, S. C. 

"' Georgetown is in South Carolina, on the Pedee River, near its mouth. 

*" New London, a town on the west bank of the Thames River, in Con- 



40 CONGRESSIONAL GOVERNMENT. [17S3-1789. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs.'" 

(Greene and Stuart ; indecisive. Sept. 8.) 

Siege of Yorktowu.'^^ Cornwallis surrenders. 

(Char]eston,"° Savannah,^" and New York,*-' the only posts held by the British.) 

1782. Treaty with Holland.'* 

John Adams, John Jay, Dr. Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, 
and Henry Laurews, commissioners to negotiate peace. 

1783. Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain/ 
September 3d. 

American army disbanded,* November 3d. 
British evacuate New York,'^' November 25th. 

EVENTS BETWEEN 1783 AND 1789. 

1786. Shay's Rebellion '^^ in Massachusetts.'"' 
Delegates from six States convene at Annapolis.'^" 

1787. Convention meets in Philadelphia^^ to adopt a form 
of government. 

Washington, President. Rhode Island ^* the only State not represented. 

necticut, three miles from Long Island Sound. Fort Trumbull and Fort Gris- 
•wold are a mile below the city. 

'^'' Eutaw Springs, S. C, a small stream that enters the San tee River from 
the south, fifty miles from Charleston. 

'^^ Yorktown is in Vu'ginia, on the south side of the mouth of York River. 
Gloucester is opposite. 

'^' The causes of this rebellion were the heavy taxes, real difficulties, poverty 
and exhaustion of the country consequent upon the war, the want of a certain 
market, and the depression of domestic manufactures from foreign comj^eti- 
tion. The people complained of the extortion of lawyers, the aristocratic 
character of the Senate, the high salary of the Governor, and the refusal to 
issue paper money. The rebels, headed by Shay, took AVorcester. General 
Lincoln, with 4000 men, attacked them, and three of the rebels were killed. 
A large number were tried, fourteen were found guilty of treason, and con- 
demned to death, but were afterwards pardoned. 

'* Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, is on the Severn River, two miles 
from Chesapeake Bay. Population in 1850, 3000. 

* Naval Events. — At the commencement of the Revolution the Colonics had no navy. 
In 177.5 and 1776, Congress ordered several vessels to be built, of which the largest was 
the Alfred. John Paul Jones was on board of this vessel as lieutenant. The first 
ensign ever hoisted was on board the Alfred, in 1775. The "stars and stripes" were 
not adopted until 1777. The first battle took place between the Alfred and the British 
ship Glasgow. The enemy escaped. The same year the American ship Lexington 
captured the British tender Edward. 



1789-1797.] TRESIDENT WASHINGTON. 41 

1788. 01no'°' settled at Marietta'^' by emigrants from the 
Eastern States. 

Constitution ratified by all the States, except North Caro- 
lina ^^ and Rhode Island.^'* 

EVENTS SUCCEEDING THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

1789. First Congress under the new Constitution. 

(George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice President.) 

Cabinet — Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Thomas Jefferson, 
Secretary of State; Henry Knox, Secretary of War. Judiciary — Johu 
Jay, Chief Justice; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General. 

1790. Duties laid on tonnage, imported goods, and dis- 
tilled spirits. 

Hamilton's Funding System '^^ adopted. 

Harmer defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory. "'- 

Death of Franklin. 

1791. Vermont'^ admitted into the Union. 
United States Bank established at Phihidelphia.^^ 

(Charter expired, 1811 ; re-chartered, 1816; expired, 1836.) 

United States Mint established at Philadelphia.^'' 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians of Northwest Territory.'^* 

1792. Kentucky'^ admitted into the Union. 

1793. Washington's second administration. 

John Adams, Vice President. Edmund Randolph, Secretary of State. 

'■^' Ohio, one of the Western States, lies between the Ohio River and Lako 
Eric. It originally formed part of the Northwest Territorj^, ceded to the 
United States by Virginia in 1781. Ohio, though settled five years after the 
close of the Revolution, is now third in point of population and wealth, and 
first in the products of the soil. Ohio is a free State. 

'"^ Marietta, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Muskingum, was settled 
by emigrants from New England, under General Putnam. Population, 4000. 

'"^ The public- foreign and domestic debt amounted to about $54,000,000, 
and that due by the States, $25,000,000. Hamilton proposed that the General 
Government should assume these debts, uniting them in a general fund, on 
some of which three per cent, interest should be paid, and six per cent, on the 
remainder. 

"* Northwest Territory was all that territory between Pennsylvania and the 
Mississippi River, north of the Ohio River. It was ceded to the United States 
by Virginia in 1781. By the Ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever excluded 
from its limits. 

4* 



42 PRESIDENT WASHINGTON. [17S'J-1797. 

noS. Yellow fever in Philadelphia/^ 
llevolution in France." Difficulties with Mr. Genet, the 
French Ambassador. 

1794. Whisky Insurrection'^^ in Pennsylvania.'^^ 
Wayne's victory on the Maumee.'^^ 

(The Indians of the Northwest Territory "* were completely subdued.) 

Great Britain^ seizes American vessels, and impresses 
American seamen. 

Jay's Treaty '^^ with Great Britain.^ 

1795. Treaties with Algiers, ''^^ Spain,' and the Indians of 
the Northwest Territory.'^' 

135 rpj^g "Whisky Insurrection" took place in consequence of the duty laid 
on distilled spirits and stills in 1790. To the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
west of the Alleghany Mountains, the law was particularly odious. Meetings 
were held, and a daring and criminal resistance was made to every attempt 
to collect the tax. Personal violence was offered to the officers, and at last it 
was found necessary to call out the militia in order to execute the law. A 
number of the leaders were convicted of treason, but afterwards pardoned. 

'""* The battle was fought at the rapids, eighteen miles from the mouth of the 
Maumee River, on the site of the present town of Waynesfield. 

'■"''' Jay's Treaty with Great Britain provided for the evacuation of all tho 
western posts still held by the British ; compensation was to be made for 
illegal captures of American vessels ; the United States agreed to secure to 
British creditors the means of collecting debts contracted before the peace of 
1783; and, under certain restrictions, the United States were allowed to trade 
with the East and West Indies. It was violently opposed by the Republican 
party, but favored by the Federalists, and was ratified in June, 1795. 

'S8 Algiers, or Algeria (al-geerz', or al-ge'-ri-a), one of the principal 
Barbary States, lies between Barbary and Tunis. In the sixteenth century 
the celebrated corsair, Barbarossa, took possession of Algiers, and for more 
than three centuries it continued the seat of Barbary piracy. At one time 
there were not less than 25,000 white slaves in the city of Algiers alone. 
Finding it in vain to attempt to subdue these pirates by force of arms, the 
Christian nations, to enable their subjects to traverse the seas in peace, gradu- 
ally resorted to the expedient of paying tribute to the Pasha, or Dey. Tho 
English were the first to chastise their insolence; and, in 1815, the America.u3 
compelled the Dey to renounce all exactions, and pay an indemnity of 
$60,000. But "it was not until 1816 that the English and Dutch bombarded 
the town, and entirely destroyed the fleet and arsenal; 1000 slaves were libe- 
rated, and the Dey was compelled to sign a treaty by which the abolition of 
slnvcry was eflFccted. In 1830, Algiers was conquered by the French. 
Religion, Mohammedan. 



1797-lSOl.] PRESIDENT ADAMS. 43 

The "Kentucky Remonstrance," demanding the use of 
the Mississippi River. 

1196. Tennessee"- admitted into the Union. 

Washington publishes his "Farewell Address." 

not. John Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet— John Marshall and Timothy Pickering, Secretaries of State; Oliver 
AVolcott, Secretary of the Treasury: James McIIenry, Secretary of War ; 
Benjamin Stoddard, Secretary of the Navy; William Gushing, Chief 
Justice. 

Dimculties with France." "X. Y. Z." Letters. '^^ 

(The two Federalist Envoys, Marfhall and Pinckney, ordered to leave France;** 
the Republican Envoy, Elbridye Gerry, allowed to remain.) 

1798. "Alien and Sedition"'" Acts" passed. 
Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. 

1799. L'Insurgent taken by the Constellation. 
Death of Washington, {Dec. 14). 

1800. Seat of Government removed to Washington.^"' 
Treaty of Peace with France." 

(Napoleon, First Consul ; Le Brun, Second ; Cambacercs, Third.) 

199 ax. Y. Z. Letters."— In 1797, the French Government, then in the hands 
of the Directory, ordered the American Minister to quit France. Mr. Adaniy, 
unwilling to involve the United States in war, appointed three Envoys Extra- 
ordinary — Pinckney, Marshall, and Gcrr3\ On their arrival, they received 
a number of letters, proposing that they should pay a large sum of money to 
those in power, in order to induce them to settle the difficulties amicably. 
These letters were signed " X. Y. Z.," and, it is believed, were written by the 
order of Talleyrand. 

^°° The Alien Act authorized the President to compel aliens, or foreigners, 
whom he should deem dangerous to the safety of the country, to leave the 
United States on penalty of imprisonment. The Sedition Act imposed a 
heavy fine, and imprisonment for years, upon such as should combine or con- 
spire together to oppose any measure of the Government, or should write, 
utter, print, or publish, any thing scandalous or malicious against the 
Government of the United States, Congress, or the President. These laws 
were violently opposed by the Republicans; and, by the large body of tho 
people, were considered dangerous to liberty. 

-"' Washington, the capital of the United States, is on the northeast, or left 
bank of the Potomac River, in the District of Columbia. The site was selected 
by Vrashington in 1790. Population in 1810, 23,000. 



44 PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1801-1S09. 

1801. The '' Midnight Judiciary "''" established. 
Thomas Jefferson, President. Aaron Burr, Vice President. 

(JeCforson [Republican.] elected by the House of Eepresnntatives.) 

Cabinet — James Madison, Kobei-t Smith, and James ^Monroe, Secretaries of 
State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Trcnsury ; Henry Dearborn, Secre- 
tary of War ; Jacob Crowninshield, Secretary of the Navy ; Wm. Pinckney, 
A ttor ney • G eneral. 

Bepeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts.^*^ 
Restoration of the Judiciary. ^°^ 

The United States refuses to pay tribute to Tripoli/"^ and 
Tripoli declares war. 

1802. Ohio'" admitted into the Union. 

New Orleans "°^ closed against the United States. 

1803. Louisiana Territory ^^ purchased from France" for 
$15,000,000. 

'•^ The "Midnight Judiciary" was so called because the Act reorganizing 
the Judiciary, and appointing sixteen new Judges, was passed on the last 
night of Mr. Adams's Administration. It was considered as another proof of 
the usurpation of power by the Federalist party, and was repealed by the 
Republicans as soon as they came in power, in consequence of Mr. Jefferson's 
election. 

203 Tripoli, one of the Barbary States, lying between Tunis on the west, and 
Barca and the Lybian Desert on the east. It has considerable commerce. 

*"* New Orleans is on tlie east bank of the Mississippi River, 105 miles from 
its mouth. It was settled by the French in 1717. Population in 1853, 
145,000. 

^^ Louisiana Territory. — In 1762, France ceded to Spain all her territory 
lying west of the Mississippi River, and the name of Louisiana became limited 
to this part of the Mississippi Valley. At the close of the war of the American 
Revolution, in 1783, Florida was ceded to Spain. Spain now held all North 
America, except British America,and the United States, bounded on the west 
by the Mississippi River, and on the south by Florida. The navigation of 
the Mississippi soon became a source of trouble between Spain and the 
United States ; and, in 1795, the boundary, the free navigation of the Missis- 
sippi, and the right of deposit in New Orleans, were agreed upon. Continual 
violations of the treaty taking place, in 1798 the United States prepared a 
force to descend the Mississippi River, and take New Orleans. Representa- 
tions being made to Spain of the infraction of the treaty, it was answered that 
Louisiana had been ceded to France in 1800. In 1803, France ceded it to 
the United States. The country has been explored by Lewis and Clarko 
(1801), Lieutenant Pike, Major Long, and many others. The northern 
boundary was settled by the treaty of 1819 with Great Brita.in — a line drawu 



1801-1809.] PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. 45 

Commodore Preble sent to the Mediterranean. ^°^ 
The Frigate Pliiladelphia, commanded byBaiubridge, cap- 
tured by the Tripolitans. 

1804. Lieutenant Decatur re-captures and burns the 
Frigate Philadelphia. 

Alexander Hamilton killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 

Napoleon crowned Emperor of France." 

1805. Jefferson's second Administration. George Clinton, 
Yice President. 

Americans, under Eaton, take Derne.^°'' 
Treaty of peace with Tripoli. ^°^ 

1806. Great Britain'^ declares the coast of France," from 
Brest '°' to the Elbe,'"^ in a state of blockade, {Hay 16). 

Berlin Decree ^'° issued by Napoleon, declaring the British 
Isles'' in a state of blockade. 

on the 49th parallel of latitude, from Lake of the "Woods to the Rocky Moun- 
tains ; the boundary between it and Mexico, settled by the treaty with Spain 
in 1819, is from the Sabine to the Red River, thence along the Red River to 
100° of longitude west from Greenwich, north to the Arkansas River, which 
it follows to the 42d parallel of latitude, and thence westward to the South 
Sea. The territory west of the Rocky Mountains seems rather to belong to 
the United States by priority of discovery, than as a part of the Louisiana 
purchase. 

^^ Mediterranean Sea (from medhis, the middle; and tei-ra, the earth,) was 
so called by the ancients on account of its lying between Europe, Africa, 
Asia, and the Atlantic Ocean — the then known parts of the earth. Notwith- 
standing the immense mass of water which it receives from the rivers emp- 
tying into it, its surface is lower than that of the ocean — the current from 
the ocean to the sea flows at the rate of 3 to 6 miles per hour. Many theories 
have been advocated as the cause of this phenomenon, but the correct one is 
probably that the evaporation by the hot winds of Africa continually lowers its 
surface. 

^^ Derne (ancient Darnis), a seaport of Northern Africa, under the domi- 
nion of Tripoli. It was one of the cities of Pentapolis. 

^°* Brest, on the northern shore of a small gulf called the Road of Brest, in 
the north-western part of France. It is one of the first naval ports of Europe. 
Population in 1852, 51,000. 

^"^ Elbe, a river in Germany, emptying into the North Sea, between Ilan- 
over and Denmark. 

'""The "Berlin Decree" prohibited all commerce, intercourse, and corre- 
spondence with Great Britain. Every Englishman found in France, or in a 



4€ PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. [1801-1809. 

180Y. Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted. 
Commencement of steam navigation,^" 
American frigate Chesapeake (Com. Barron,) attacked by 
the Leopard, (Humphreys). 

(The Chesapeake had three killed and eighteen wounded. The four nienjClaimed 
by the British as deserters, were given up.) 

"Orders in Council "^'^ issued. 

Milan Decree ^'^ issued, {Dec). 

Congress lays an Embargo on American ships, {Dec. 22). 

1808. Foreign slave trade ceased. 

(See Constitution of the United States, Art. I., Sec 9th, clause 1st.) 

country occupied by French troops, was a prisoner of war, and all property 
belonging to Englishmen a fair prize. No vessel coming from an English 
4)ort was to be admitted into any harbor, and all vessels avoiding the Edict 
by false declarations were confiscated. Berlin, on the Spree, a branch of the 
Elbe, is the capital of Prussia, and, next to Viennna, the largest city of Ger- 
many. Population, 450,000. 

^" To the United States belongs the honor of originating the first successful 
steamboat. Rumsey and Fitch attempted to construct steamboats in 1783, 
and actually exhibited their models in Washington. In 1790, Fitch ran a 
passenger-boat, on the Delaware Piiver, from Philadelphia to Burlington.* 
In 1807, Fulton, having already constructed a boat in Paris that would run at 
the rate of four miles an hour, built one on the Hudson River that Avas entirely 
successful. Steamboats were not introduced into Great Britain until 1812. 

312 « Orders in Council" are orders issued by the king, by and with the 
advice of the Privy Council. The first " Orders in Council" of 1807, prohibited 
any neutral trade with France or her allies, unless through Great Britain. 
All neutral vessels, whatever their cargoes, bound to any port of France or 
her allies, were required, under pain of capture, to touch at some British port, 
pay exportation duties, and receive a license to trade on the continent. 

^'^ The " Milan Decree" declared that every vessel which had been searched 
by an English vessel, or had paid duty to England, or had sailed from any 
country occupied by England, or were destined to any such port, should be a 
lawful prize. In consequence of these decrees, all colonial produce rose to an 
enormous price, and a regular smuggling trade was carried on. At Heligo- 
land, such was the crowd of persons concerned in this business, that a ducat 
•was paid for a barrel to sleep in. Thousands of substitutes were invented for 
coffee and sugar, and a variety of manufactures grew up on the continent, 
which were the germs of very extensive and profitable branches of industry. 
Milan, the largest city of Austrian Italy, is in a beautiful and fertile valley, 
between the Adda and Ticino. Population, 101,000. 

* See Catalogue of Inventions, page 83. 



1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 4Y 

1809. James Madison, President. George Clinton, Vice 
President, 

Cabinet — Robert Smith, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of 
the Treasury; \Villiam Eustis, Secretary of War; Paul Hamilton, Secre- 
tary of the Navy; William Pinckney, Attorney General. 

The British Minister promises the repeal of the injurious 
decrees. 

Embargo law repealed, (April 19). 

Non -intercourse again proclaimed, (Aug. 10). 

Mr. Jackson succeeds Mr. Erskine. Mr. Jackson dismissed. 

1810. Napoleon issues a decree from Rambouillet,^** injurious to American 
commerce, but repeals it the same year, when commercial intercourse 
between France " and the United States was renewed. 

1811. Oregon ^'^ settled at Astoria ^'^ by emigrants from 
New York.^' 

American frigate President (Com. Rogers,) attacked by 
the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, (Bingham). 

Battle of Tippecanoe.^'"' General Harrison defeats the 
Indians. 

George III. insane, and the Prince of Wales becomes Prince llcgent. 

1812, Louisiana'^ admitted into the Union. 
Death of George Clinton, Yice President. 

THREE YEARS' WAR; OR, THE WAR OF 1812, 1812-1815. 

Congress lays an Embargo for ninety days. 
War with England^ declared, (June 18). 

"Orders in Council"**'^ revoked. 

^'^ Rambouillet (romb-wee-ya'), a town in France, seventeen miles southwest 
of Versailles. 

2'5 Oregon Territory, bounded on the north by Washington Territory, which 
it lately included, is the most western territory of the United States. Captain 
Gray, in the ship Columbia, visited the Columbia River in 1791, and named 
it after his vessel. In 1804, Jeflferson sent out an expedition, commanded by 
Lewis and Clarke. In addition to the right obtained by exploration, the 
United States claimed it as being ours by the Louisiana purchase. The 
boundary was settled in 1846 {q. v., note 265). Oregon applied for admission 
in 1855. 

^'^ Astoria, about ten miles from the mouth of the Columbia River, was 
named in honor of John Jacob Astor. It has a Custom-house. 

^'■' The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought near the west bank of the Tippe- 
canoe River, at its junction with the Wabash. 



48 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1S09-1817. 

General Dearborn, Coramander-in-cbief. 
General Hull invades Canada/^ {July 12), but abandons 
the expedition, {Aug. 1). 
Battle of Brownstown.''^ 

(British defeat the Americans under Major Van Ilorne, while conveying supplies to 
General Hull.) 

Hull surrenders Michigan ^^ to General Brock, {Aug. 16). 

Mackina^F *^^ surrendered, July 17. 

General Yan Kenselaer invades Canada^' by the Niagara 
frontier. 

Battle of Queenstown.^^° 

(Brock defeats Van Renselaer. Brock killed, Oct. 13.) 

NAVAL BATTLES, 1812. 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, (Com. Porter). 

British frigate Guerriere (Dacres,) taken by the Constitu- 
tion, (Hull, Aug. 19). 

British brig Frolic (Whinyates,) taken by the sloop Wasp, 
(Jones, Oct. 18). 

(Both captured by the Poictier, Oct. 18 ) 

British frigate Macedonian (Garden,) taken by the United 
States, (Decatur, Oct. 25). 

British frigate Java (Lambert,) taken by the Constitution, 
(Bainbridge, Dec. 29). 

1813. Madison's second Administration. Elbridge Gerry, 
Yice President. 

Proposals for peace. 

(Commissioners — Adams, Gallatin, Bayard.) 

"VVm. II. Harrison, Commander of the Western army; Gen. Dearborn, 
of the Centre; and Hampton, of the Northern. Sir George Prevost, 
Commander of the British. 

"'* Brownstown is situated nortli of the Huron River, in Michigan, twenty 
miles south of Detroit. 

^'^ Mackinaw (sometimes called Mackinac, and Miehilimackinac), a village 
on an island of the same name in Lake Huron, ,320 miles from Detroit. 

^ Queenstown, a river port in Canada West, on the Niagara River, five 
miles from the Falls. 



1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 49 

British, under Proctor, defeat Gen. Winchester at French- 
town,-'-' {Jan. 22). 

Americans, under Dearborn, take York,^^^ Upper Canada." 

(General Pike was mortally wounded. British Com., Sheaffe. April 27.) 

Fort Meigs,^-^ on the rapids of the Maumee River, '^ besieged 
by Proctor, {May 1). 

Fort George ^'^'' taken by American forces from Sackett's 
Harbor. ^^^ 

Prevost attacks Sackett's Harbor ^-^ during the absence of 
the garrison, and is repulsed by the militia under Brown. 

Ravages of the British in Chesapeake Bay, {May). 

Sandusky ^^"^ gallantly defended by Major Croghan, {Aug. 2). 

Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mimms.^^' 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie,^^- {Sept. 10). 

(Amer. Com., Perry; British, Barclay.) 

Battle of the Thames.^^^ Americans, under Harrison, defeat 
Proctor, {Oct. 5). 

(Colonel Richard M. Johnson was wounded. Tecumseh, killed.) 

Battles of Talladega,^^" Attosse,^^^' and Emucfau.^^'-^ 

"' Frenchtown, on the north side of the Raisin River, in Michigan, imme- 
diately opposite the present town of Munroe. 

^^ York (now Toronto,) is on Lake Ontario, in Canada West. 

"^ Fort Meigs was near PeiTysburg, in Ohio. 

^"' Fort George, in Canada, at the mouth of the Niagara River, one mile 
from Lake Ontario. 

'^^ Sackett's Harbor, a port of entry, is on the southern shore of Black River 
Bay, eight miles east of Lake Ontario, in New York. Stony Creek, Canada, 
west of the Niagara River. 

-^ Sandusky, a port of entry, is delightfully situated on Sandusky Bay, 
three miles from Lake Erie. Population, 10,000. 

^^^ Fort Minims, in Alabama, on the east side of the Alabama River, ten 
miles from its junction with the Tombigbee. 

"'^ Lake Erie, one of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence, lies 
north of Ohio. Its depth is less than any in the chain ; its shallowness being 
a serious impediment to navigation, which is entirely suspended during the 
winter months, on account of the shoal water being frozen. 

*-* Thames River, in Canada West, empties into Lake St. Clair. The 
"Battle of the Thames" was fought near the "Moravian Yilhige." 

^" Talladega (tal-la-de'-ga,) was east of the Coosa, in Talladega Co., Ala. 

^' Attosse was on the south bank of the Tallapoosa River, in Alaliama. 

'" Emucfau was on the west bank of the Tallapoosa River, Alabama. 

5 



50 PRESIDENT MADISON. [1S09-1817. 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

British brig Peacock (Peake), taken by the Hornet, (Law- 
rence, Feb. 24). 

American frigate Chesapeake (Lawrence), taken by the 
Shannon, (Broke, June 1). 

American brig Argus (Allen), taken by the Pelican, 
(Maples, Aug. 14). 

British brig Boxer (Blythe), taken by the Enterprise, 
(Burrows, Sept. 5). 

British squadron (Barclay), on Lake Erie, taken by Com- 
modore Perry. 

1814. Creek War ended by the battle of Tohopeka."^ 

Peace between England' and France," and a large number of British 

troops sent OTer. 
Napoleon abdicates, and becomes sovereign of Elba.'*'* 

Generals Scott and Ripley invade Canada.^' 

(Fort Erie^^" captured, July 3.) 

Battle of Chippewa.^^'^ 

Battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane,^' {July 25). 

The Americans abandon Fort Erie,^'' cross the Niagara River, and go 
into winter-quarters at Buffalo,-'^ in December. 

British take Bladensburg^^^ and Washington, ^^' {Aug. 24). 
McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain,'^^ {Sept. 11). 

(Prevost retreats. Commodore Downie, a British oificer, killed.) 

^ Tohopeka, or Horse-shoe Bend, is on the Tallapoosa River, near the 
northeast corner of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. 

'"' Elba, the largest island of Tuscany, is in the Mediterranean Sea. It was 
erected into a sovereignty for Napoleon, who resided in it from May 3d, 1814, 
to Feb. 26th, 1815. 

^' Fort Erie was at the source of the Niagara River, near Lake Erie, in 
Canada West. Fort George was at the mouth of the river. 

** Chippewa (chip'-e-way), a village and port of entry in Canada West, at 
the confluence of the Chippewa and Niagara, above the Falls. 

^■' Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, is in Canada, half a mile northwest from 
Niagara Falls. 

'^^ Buffalo, a port of entry at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, N.Y. 
Population in 1854, 80,000. 

"^ Bladcnsburg is in Maryland, six miles northeast from Washington. 



1809-1817.] PRESIDENT MADISON. 5I 

British, under General Ross, defeated at North Point''" 
and Fort McHenry,''' {Sept. 12). 
Treaty of peace at Ghent. ^''- 

(American Commissioners— Adams, GaHatin, and Bayard, in 1813; Clay and Russel, 
in 1S14. British Commissioners— Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Gouldborn, and "VVil- 
liam Adams.) 

Death of the Vice President, Elbridge Gerry, Nov. 29. 

Hartford'^' Convention {held by the Federalists, Dec. 15). 

NAVAL BATTLES. 

American frigate Essex (Porter,) taken by the Phoebe 
(Hillyer,) and Cherub (Tucker). March 2S. 

American sloop Frolic (Bainbridge,) taken by the brig 
Orpheus (Pigot). Ajjril 21. 

British brig Epervier (Wales,) taken by the American 
sloop Peacock (Warrington). ^pn7 29. 

British sloop Avon (Arbuthnot,) taken by the American 
sloop Wasp (Blakely). SejA 1. 

British squadron on Lake Champlain ''^ (Com. Downie,) 
defeated by Commodore McDonough. Sept. 11. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans.^"* 

(American General, Jackson; British, Packenham. Jan. 8.) 

The British Generals-, Packenham, Keene, and Gibbs, were killed. 
British loss — 2000 killed and wounded. American — six killed and 
seven wounded. 

British vessels Cyane (Falcon,) and Levant (Douglass,) 
taken by the Constitution (Stewart). Feb. 20. 

^° North Point is at the mouth of the Patapsco River, fourteen miles from 
Baltimore. 

^' Fort McHenry is on the west side of the entrance to Baltimore, two miles 
below the city. 

"" Ghent is in Belgium, thirty-one miles northwest of Brussels. Population, 
112,410. ^ ' 

^'^ Hartford, one of the capitals of Connecticut, on the Connecticut River, 
50 miles from Long Island Sound, and 112 miles from New York. Previous 
to its settlement by the English in 1G35, tlie Dutch had built a fort in tho 
southeast part of the city. It was during the attempt of Andross, in 1687, to 
establish his authority over Connecticut, that the charter was hid in an oak 
tree, still called "Charter Oak." This tree was blown down in 1857. 



52 PRESIDENT MONROE. [1817-1825. 

Treaty of peace ratified, Feh. IT. 

War declared with Algiers ;'^^ Commodore Decatur sent 
there. 

(The Americans refuge to pny tribute.) 

Commodore Decatur compels the Dey to sign a treaty of 
peace at the city of Algiers. ^^^ 

Massacre of the American prisoners at Dartmoor.^"*^ 

1816. Indiana^'' {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
United States Bank re-chartered for twenty years. 

(Charter expired in 1811.) 

Duties laid on imported goods. 

1817. Mississippi^^ {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 
James Monroe, President. Daniel D. Tompkins, Yice 

President. 

Cabinet— John Q.Adams, Secretary of State ; Wm. II. Crawford, Secretary 
of the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Smith Thompson, 
Secretary of the Nayy ; William Wirt, Attorney-General. 

1818. Illinois^' (free State,) admitted into the Union. 
Hostilities commence with the Seminoles and Creeks in 

Georgia®^ and Florida.^ 

General Jack.son sent to the assistance of General Guinea. 

Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed. 
Pensacola^^*^ taken by General Jackson. 

(Spanish authorities sent to Havana.^") 

1819. Alabama ^^ (slave State,) admitted into the Union. 

^** Algiers will probably be one of the handsomest cities on the Mediterra- 
nean Sea. Its commerce is of great importance, it being the entrepot of four- 
fifths of the trade with Europe. Steam vessels leave for Toulon and Marseilles 
three times a month, performing the voyage in fifty hours ; vessels run also to 
many of the towns in Africa. Population, 94,000. 

^*^ Dartmoor is a table-land in the southern part of Devonshire, in England. 
During the war of 1812, extensive barracks for prisons were erected, where 
American prisoners were confined. On a supposed mutiny occurring in 1815, 
the soldiery fired on the prisoners, killing great numbers. 

^*^ Pensacola, a port of entry on Pensacola Bay, in Florida. Population in 
1850, 2164. 

^" Havana is on the northwest coast of Cuba. (Inhabitant, Ilavanese.) 
Population, 134,000. 



1S25-1829.] PRESIDENT J. Q. ADAMS. 53 

Treaty with Spain' for the cession of Florida.^ 

(John Q. Adams, American Commissioner; Don Onis, Spanish. Spain* retains 
Texaa.'«>) 

Treaty with Great Britain^ regarding the fisheries of New- 
foundland,'^ and settling the boundaries from Lake of the 
Woods'*' to the Rocky Mountains.^''^ 

1820. Maine'' {free State,) admitted into the Union. 

Commodore Decatur killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, 

1821. Missouri^' {slave State,) admitted into the IJnion. 

"Missouri Compromise "250 adopted, prohibiting sUiTery in all territory 
(except the State of Missouri,^') west of the Mississippi Kiver,** and 
north of 36° 30'. 

1824. Lafayette visits the United States. 

1825. John Q. Adams, President. J. C. Calhoun, Vice 
President. 

John Q. Adams was elected by the House of Representatives. 

Cabinet — Henry Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush, Secretary of the 

Treasury; James Barbour, Secretary of War; S. L. Southard, Secretary 

of the Navy. 

1826. Death of the two Ex-Presidents, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson, July 4. 

Abduction of Morgan. 

1827. First railroad finished in the United States {at 
Quincy,^'^ Massachusetts,'^^ four miles long). 

1828. Duties on imported goods increased. 

"^^ Lake of the Woods is in British America, Lat. 49°, Lon. 95° W. 

^" Rocky Mountains (called also the Chip-pe-wa-an), a chain in the central 
and northern part of North America, commencing in New Mexico, near Furt 
Webster, extends throughout the northern part of the continent to the Polar 
Sea. In Central America, the range takes the name of the Cordilleras, and 
the Andes in South America. 

250 rpjjg « Missouri Compromise." — When Missouri applied for admission into 
the Union, a discussion arose as to whether it should be admitted vpith slavery. 
A compromise vras finally decided upon : the North allowed Missouri to be 
admitted with slavery, and the South consented that slavery should be forever 
excluded in all the Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of 
Missouri, 36° 30'. 

^'' Quincy, a village eight miles south of Boston, celebrated for its quarries 
of granite, known as Quincy granite. It is the bu-thplace of .T<jhu Hancock, 
Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses. Population in ISOU, 5000. 

5* 



54 PRESIDENT JACKSON. [1829-1837. 

1829. Andrew Jackson, President. J. C. Calhoun, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet — Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State ; S. D. Ingham, Secretary 
of the Treasury; J. H. Eaton, Secretary of War. J. Branch, Secretary 
of the Navy; John McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General. 

1831. Death of James Monroe, July 4. 

1832. Black Hawk's War.'^^ 

(Sacs [sauks], Foxes, and Winnebagocs, subdued by General Scott.) 

Bill re-chartering the Bank of the United States vetoed by 

the President. 

Nullification of the Tariff laws ^" in South Carolina.^" 
Clay's Compromise ^^^ providing a gradual reduction of 

duties. 

1833. Cholera visits the United States. 

lowa^^^ settled at Burlington by emigrants from N. England. 

'^'^ Black Hawk's War. — Under the noted Chief, Black Hawk, the Indians 
of Wisconsin Territory commenced hostilities against the settlers in Wisconsin 
and the adjoining States. General Scott was sent against them, and after 
many skirmishes, Black Hawk was captured, and the Indians were compelled 
to remove to Indian Territory. 

^'^ Tariff Law and Clay's Compromise. — In 1816, duties were laid on im- 
ported goods; in 1826, these duties were increased; and in 1832, a "Tariff 
Bill," imposing additional duties on foreign goods, was passed by Congress. 
These laws were supposed to favor the vtaniifacturers, (residing principally iu 
the North,) by increasing the price of foreign goods imported into this 
countrj', thus enabling him to sell as cheap if not cheaper than the foreign 
manufacturer; and to i)ijiire the jilanter, by increasing the cost of foreign 
articles, thus diminishing the amount which he would receive in exchange 
for the cotton, sugar, &c., of the South. Great opposition was exhibited by 
many of the Southern Stat^ to these laws. South Carolina, who has ever 
maintained the most ultra doctrine on the question of " States' Rights," held 
a State Convention, and openly nnflijied the law, bj' declaring that the duties 
shoidd not be paid, and if the United States attempted to enforce the laws, 
she would withdraw from the Union, and establish an independent govern- 
ment. The prompt and determined measures of President Jackson compelled 
South Carolina to submit to the laws. In 1832, Henry Clay brought forward 
his second "Compromise Bill," providing for a gradual reduction of duties 
until 1842, when they were to sink to twenty per cent. 

^** Iowa (i-o-wa), one of the Western States, was formed out of the Louisi- 
ana Territory. It lies between the Mississippi and Missouri Bivers. It is 
rich in minerals, lead, zinc, copper, and bituminous coal. The staples are 
Indian corn, wheat, and live stock. It is a free State by the Missouri Com- 
promise, {q. v.). 



1837-1841.] PRESIDENT VAN BUKEN. 55 

Removal of the deposits {U. S. funds,) from the United 
States Bank to the State banks. 

(Wm. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treasury, di?inissecl from oifice for refut^ing to 
remove the deposits. Roger B. Taney appointed in his place.) 

1835. War apprehended with France." 
Spoliation Bill paid by France." 

(25,000,000 francs for spoliations on our commerce during the wars of Napoleon.) 

Great fire in New York.'^' 

Seminole War in Florida.^ 

A party, under General Dade, massacred by the Indians. 

Battle of the Withlacoochee.^^^ 

(General Clinch defeated. Bee. SI.) 

National debt extinguished. 

1835 to 1837. Great mania for land speculation. 

1836. " Specie Circular" issued. 

(It 1 rovided that all moneys paid to the Government should he in specie.) 

Arkansas '° {slave State,) admitted into the Union. 

Death of James Madison. 

Second battle of the Withlacoochee.^^^ 

(General Gaines defeats the Indians. Feb. 29.) 

1837. Martin Yan Buren, President. Pv. M. Johnson, 
Yice President. 

Cabinet— John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of 
the Treasury; J. R. Poinsett, Secretary of War; J. K. Paulding, Secretary 
of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. 

Surplus revenue distributed among the States, according 
to the "Distribution Bill." 

Michigan ^^ {free State,) admitted into the Union. 

Great money pressure. 

Extra session of Congress. 

Banks suspend specie payments, {May 10). 

Osceola captured by General Jessup. 

1838. Canadians revolt, and are aided by the Americans. 

(The President issues a proclamation of neutrality.) 

Banks resume specie payment, {Aug. 13). 

Exploring Expedition sets out under Lieutenant Wilkes. 



'" Withlacoocliee River enters the Gulf of Mexico, 95 miles north u[ Tampa 
Bay, Florida. 



56 PRESIDENTS II ARRISON — TYLER. [1841-1845. 

1840. " Sub-treasury," ^^^ or "Independent Treasury Bill," 
passed. (Hej^ealed in ISil.) 

.1841. Wm. H. Harrison, President. Jolm Tyler, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, Secretary 
of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George Badger, Secretary 
of the Navy ; J. J. Crittenden, Attorney -General. 

Death of Wm. H. Harrison. John Tyler, President. 
Extra session of Congress. 

Sub-treasury Bill^^® repealed. (Passed in 1840.) 
Two bills, re-chartering the Bank of the United States, 
vetoed by the President. 

1842. North-eastern Boundary ^^"^ Question settled. 

(American Commissioner, Daniel Webster; English Com., Lord Ashburton.) 

Difficulties in Rhode Island ^^ concerning the adoption of a 
Constitution. 

Exploring Expedition returns, having discovered the 
Antarctic Continent. ^'^ (Set out in 1838.) 

1844. Explosion of the Peacemaker on board the steamer 
Princeton. 

(Abel C. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas W. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, 
•were killed.) 

1845. Joint resolutions, ^^^ for the annexation of Texas, ''^ 
adopted, (Jan.). 

(The Mexican Minister, Almonte [al-mon-ta'], protests against the annexation of 
Texas," and demands his passport?.) 

^^ The Sub-treasury, or Independent Treasury Bill, provided for the col- 
lection, safe keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public fund.s, without 
any dependence upon the banks. This bill was rejected by the House of 
Representatives in 1837, became a law in 1840, repealed in 1841, and passed 
again in 1840. 

"■* The North-eastern Boundary, or the boundary between Maine and 
Canada, was a subject of contention for many years, and at one time threat- 
ened an appeal to arms. The United States claimed the Highlands as the 
dividing line ; the British, a line running across the State, in almost 46° N. L. 

-*^ The Exploring Expedition coasted along the shores of the Antarctic 
Continent, a little north of the Antarctic Circle. Captain Ross reached land 
as far south as 78° 10' South Latitude. 

^'^ Joint Resolutions are resolutions passed jointly by the Senate and House 
of Representatives. 



1S45-1SW.] PRESIDENT POLK. 57 

James K. Polk, President. G. M. Dallas, Vice President. 

Cabinet — James Buchanan, Secretary of State; Kobert J. Walker, Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; AVilliam L. Marcy, Secretary of War; George Baa- 
croft, Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmastor-Geueral. 

Texas'^ accepts the joint resolutions,^^^ and thus becomes 
United States territory. 

General Taylor sent to Corpus Christi^*^°to defend Texas. "'^ 

Texas'^ and Florida^ (slave States,) admitted into the 
Union. 

1846. lowa^^' (fi'ee State,) admitted into the Union. 

Bills passed — Sub-treasury ^^^ Bill, Warehousing^^' Bill, 
and the bill establishing the Smithsonian Institute. ^^^ 

Tariff Law of 1842 repealed. 

British abolish their Corn Laws.^^' 

^''° Corpus Christi is at the mouth of the Nueces Eiver, Texas, 100 miles 
from the Rio Grande. 

^' The Warehousing Bill provided that goods imported into the country, 
subject to duty, might be placed under bond?, in warehouses provided for the 
purpose, where they could remain for one year without having paid the duty. 
Should it be more profitable to the importer to sell the goods in some other 
country, they could be re-shii^ped without having paid duty. These ware- 
houses are sometimes called " Bonded Warehouses." 

'^'^ Smithsonian Institute. — James Smithson, of England, left his entire 
property to the United States, to found, at Washington, an institution which 
should bear his name, and have for its objects the increase and diffusion of 
knowledge. The trust was accepted by the Government, and an act passed, 
August 10, 1846, organizing "The Sniitfisonian Institution for the Increase and 
Diffusion of Knoiuledge among Men." The endowment consists of the original 
sum, $515,169, received Sept. 1, 1838, which is to remain for ever as a perma- 
nent fund. The interest of this amount to 1846, when, by Act of Congress, 
the funds were placed in the hands of the Board of Regents, was $242,129 ; 
which sum, with all accruing future interest, is to be expended in the building, 
and the current expenses of the Institution. The entire income is to be 
divided into two equal parts, one of which is to be devoted to the increase 
and diffusion of knowledge by means of original research and publications ; 
and the other, to the gradual formation of a library, a museum, and a gallery 
of art. 

^' Corn Laws. — In Great Britain, the term "corn" is generally applied to 
wheat, rye, oats, and barlej'. Simultaneously with the extension of "free 
trade" principles in the United States, Great Britain abolished the duties on 
the importation of grain, and thus opened a profitable market for American 
produce. 



58 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-1849. 

Wilmot rroviso^si defeated. 

North- western Boundary ^^^ settled. 

(American Commissioner, James Buchanan; British, Packenham.) 

General Taylor removes to Point Isabel. ^^^ 
General Taj^lor moves up the Rio Grande,^^' and builds 
Tort Brown. 2^^ 

Battle of Palo Alto.^^^ 

(General Taylor defeats the Mexicans, May 8. Major Ringgold was killed.) 

Battle of Resaca de la Palraa.^° 

(Taylor defeats the IMexicans, May 9. Gen. La Vega taken prisoner.) 

War declared between the U. States and Mexico, '° (3IaylS). 
Taylor crosses the Rio Grande/" and takes Matamoras.-'' 

^^* "Wilmot Proviso. — In 1846, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, proposed a 
bill providing that the terms of the "Missouri Compromise" should apply to 
a,ll territory that might be procured by purchase or conquest from Mexico. 
It passed the House, but was lost in the Senate. 

®=* In President Tyler's Administration, a dispute arose as to the northern 
limit of Oregon Territory,* the British claiming as far south as 49° N. Lat., — ■ 
the United States, as far north as 54° 40' N. L. In the Presidential election 
of 1844 this was one of the most exciting topics, and the party cry of 
*' Fifty-four forty, or fight!" sufficiently indicates the feeling that existed. In 
1846, Lord Packenham was appointed Commissioner by England, and James 
Buchanan by the United States, to settle the difficulty, and 49° N. Lat, with 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, was determined on as the boundary. 

^^ Point Isabel (iz'-a-bel), a port of entry in Texas, on a point of land oppo- 
site Brazos Santiago, thirty miles northeast of Brownsville. 

**' Rio Grande del Norte (re-o gran-dd del nor-td, or ri-o grand), a river 
which forms the boundary between the United States and Mexico. It is very 
shallow, though small steamers have ascended 450 miles from its mouth, at 
the Gulf of Mexico. 

"^^^ Fort Brown, now Brownsville, a thriving post-town in Texas, on the Eio 
Grande, forty miles from its mouth. Its trade is very important; the exports, 
in 1852, were estimated at $5,000,000. It contains a Custom-house, as well 
as one or two printing-offices, and was named in honor of Major Brown, who 
was killed during the bombardment. May 6th, 1846. Population, 5000. 

**' Palo Alto (pd,-lo al'-to,) is in Texas, nine miles northeast of Matamoras. 

°''° Resaca do la Palma (ra-sd-ki da Id. pd-md,) is in Texas, four miles north 
of Matamoras. 

**" Matamoras, or Matamoros (mat-a-m6-ras), a river post-town on the Rio 
Grande, forty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Exports — specie, hides, avooI, 
and horses. Imports — manufactured goods from Great Britain and the 
United States. 



1845-1849.] PRESIDENT POLK. 59 

General Taylor takes Monterey /-^'^ {Sept. 24). 
Monterey,-'^ in California,"'' taken by Com. Sloat. 
Santa Fe^^ taken by Gen. Kearney, {Aug. 18), 
Tampico"^ taken by Com. Connor, {Nov. 14). 
184Y. Wisconsin ^^ {free State,) admitted into the Union. 
Battle of Buena Yista,''^ {Fel). 22). 

(General Taylor defeats the Mexicans under Santa Anna.) 

General Scott takes Yera Cruz,^" {3Iarch 21). 
Battle of Cerro Gordo,"'"' (Ji^jnY 18). 

(American Generals, Scott and Twiggs ; Mexican, Santa Anna.) 

Americans, under Worth, enter La Puebla,^^^ {3Iayl5). 

^'•^ Monterey ("king's mountain"), the capital of New Leon, 85 miles north- 
east of Saltillo, is the most important place in North Mexico. Population, 
12,000. 

^" Monterey (mon-ta-ray'), a port of entry in California, is on Monterey 
Bay, 94 miles southeast of San Francisco. 

*''* Upper California comprises the present State of California and the Terri- 
tories of New Mexico and Utah. 

'^^ Tampico (tam-pee'-ko), a seaport of Mexico, on the shore of Lake Tarn- 
pico, 215 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 

^^^ Buena Yista (bwa'-na vees'-ta, or bo'-na vis'-ta; literally, "good, or fine 
view"), in Mexico, 90 miles southwest from Monterey, and ten from Saltillo. 
The battle is sometimes called the " Battle of La Angostura." 

^'' Vera Cruz (va'-ra krooz — " the true cross,") is a seaport in Mexico, on 
the Gulf, 185 miles east of the city of Mexico. It is defended by the strong 
castle of San Juan d'Ulloa (san ju-an', or hoo-an', da oo-loo'-a), built on an 
island half a mile from the shore. In commerce, Vera Cruz ranks fourth in 
the Mexican Confederation. Exports — bullion, cochineal, sugar, flour, indigo, 
A^anilla, logwood, and pimento. Imports — woven fabrics, cocoa, paper, brandy, 
wines, and metals. Population, 8228. 

^■* Cerro Gordo is 60 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. 

^" La Puebla de los Angelos (lii pweb'-la da loce ang-hd-les — "the city 
of the angels,") is 76 miles southeast of the city of Mexico. According to 
some, it received its name from the beauty of its situation ; but a much pret- 
tier account is the following : " Many years ago," says tradition, " it was 
desired by the faithful to build a cathedral. But the people were poor, and 
unable to accomplish such an undertaking. Urged by the clergy, however, 
they commenced contributing labor and materials as they were able, and 
were rewarded by finding the work progress in the most astonishing manner. 
Every morning it was found that as much had been done in the absence of 
the laborers, in the night, as during the day previous. All theories failed to 
account for the phenomenon, until it was discovered that every night the 



60 PRESIDENT POLK. [1845-3849. 

Nicholas P. Trist sent to negotiate peace. 

Battles of Contreras^*" and Churubuseo,^^' (Aug. 20). 

(American Gen., Scott; Mexican, Valencia and Santa Anna.) 

Molino del Rey^^^ and Chapultepec^^^ taken by General 
Worth, (Sept. 8-13). 

Americans, under Scott, enter the city of Mexico,^^ Se2:>f- 14. 
1848. Treaty of peace ^^ signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo.^^^ 
Death of John Quincy Adams, (Feb. 23). 

Girard College ^'' opened for the admission of pupils. 

angels came down, and rewarded the zeal of the people by doing exactlj^ as 
much in the night as had been done in the day." The cathedral was finished 
in the most splendid and expensive manner. The lofty candlesticks, the 
balustrade, the lamps, and all the ornaments of the principal altar, are of 
massive silver. The great chandelier suspended from the dome is said to 
weigh several tons. 

^° Contreras (con-trd-ras,) is fourteen miles south of the city of Mexico. 

'^' Churubusco (choo-roo-boos'-ko,) is six miles south of the city of 
Mexico. 

^'^ Molino del Rey (mo-lee'-no del ray' — "the mill of the king,") is twelve 
miles southwest of the city of Mexico. 

^^ Chapultepec (chd^pool^ta-pec^, a strong fortress, two miles southwest of 
the city of Mexico. 

^'* The City of Mexico, the capital of the Confederacy, is on a plain 7400 
feet above the level of the sea. The United States Army occupied it from 
September 14th, 1847, to June 12th, 1848. Population, 180,000. Lat. 19° 
25' N.; Lon. 103° 45' AV'est 

^^ By this treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States more than 2,000,000 
square miles of territory, including California, Utah, and New Mexico. 

'^'"' Guadaloupe Hidalgo, a small town three and a half miles north of the 
city of Mexico. The treaty of peace was concluded February 2d, 1848, and 
ratified by the Mexican Congress, May 19th, 1848. 

**■' Girard College, situated in the northwestern part of the city of Philadel- 
phia, was founded upon a bequest of $2,000,000, left by Stephen Girard, who 
died in 1831. Orphans are admitted between the ages of six and ten years; 
at the age of fourteen they are bound out to some useful occupation, unless 
they evince a disposition to pursue classical studies, in view of a profession, 
when they remain in the institution until they attain the age of eighteen years. 
The useful branches of an English education, and the French and Spanish 
languages, are taught in the principal department; and, as the pupils advance, 
higher branches are introduced. The college buildings, constructed on a plan 
differing in many respects from that designated by Girard, are objects of great 
interest to visitors. 



1849-1853.] PRESIDENTS TAYLOR — FILLMORE. Ql 

Utah^ss settled at Salt Lake City,'^^ by Mormons from 
Illinois. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, President. Millard Fillmore, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet — John M. Clayton, Secretary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Secre- 
tary of the Treasury; G. W. Crawford, Secretary of War; AVilliara B, 
Preston, Secretary of the Navy; lleverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. 

Death of James K. Polk. 

Minnesota ^^ erected into a Territory. 

1850. Death of John C. Calhoun. 
Death of Zachary Taylor. 
Millard Fillmore, President. 

Cabinet — Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas Corwin, Secretary 
of the Treasury; Chas. M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Wm. A.Graham, 
Secretary of the Navy; A. H. 11. Stuart, Secretary of- the Interior; 
J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 

Compromise Measures ^^ passed — admission of California,, 
with a Constitution prohibiting^ slavery ; the erection of Utah 
and New Mexico into Territories ; the settlement of the boun- 

^* Utah (yu-taw*), a Territory of the United States, originally a part of 
Upper California, was ceded to the United States in 1848. The productions 
are wheat, rye, harley, buckwheat, Indian corn, and the garden vegetables 
of the Middle States. Wood, both for building purposes and fuel, is scarce. 
The principal town is Salt Lake City, which is the Mormon capital. It has a 
magnificent temple, and a theatre which cost $20,000. Population, 10,000. 
The other cities, naming them in order from north to south, are Brownsville, 
Ogden City, Provo City, Manti City, Fillmore City, and Paravan. They are 
built mostly of adobes, or unburnt bricks. Fillmore City is the capital. The 
population of Utah is composed principally of Mormons, who settled here in 
1848, after their expulsion from Illinois and Missouri. 

^^ Minnesota was a part of Louisiana Territory. In 1857 it was authorized 
to form a State Constitution. Pembina, on the Fox River, where it crosses 
the 49th parallel of North Latitude, is the most northern town in the United 
States. 

**° Clay's Compromise provided for the admission of California, for the 
organization of the Territories of Utah and New Mexico, and for the adjust- 
ment of the Texas boundary. This " Omnibus Bill," as it was called, was 
strongly opposed, and all its measures defeated, except that which provided 
for the organization of Utah into a Territory. Afterwards, California was 
admitted with a Constitution excluding slavery; New Mexico was erected into 
a Territorial Government, with the provision that Utah and New Mexico 
Bhould be admitted as States, either with or without slavery, as the Coustitu- 

6 



62 PRESIDENTS PIERCE — BU CHANAN. [1S53-1857. 

dary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave trade in the District 
of Columbia ; and the Fugitive Slave Law. 
Death of Richard M. Johnson. 

ArriTal of Jennj' Lind. 

1851. Bills passed. — A bill providing for the payment of 
French spoliations ; Postage Bill, by which postage on letters 
was reduced to three cents, prepaid, for all distances under 
3000 miles. 

Opening of the Crystal Palace, in London. A'isit of Father Mathew to the 
United States. Death of James Audubon, the ornithologist; James 
Fennimore Cooper ; Mrs. Shelley; Joanna Baillie. 

1852. Death of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. 

Arrival of Kossuth. 

1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Wm. R. King, Yice 
President. 

Cabinet— Win. L. Marey, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of 
the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War ; J. C. Dobbin, Secretary 
of the Navy; Kobert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior; Caleb 
Cushing, Attorney-General. 

Death of Wm. R. King. David R. Atchison, Yice Presi- 
dent pro tern. 

Opening of the Crystal Palace in New York. Washington Territory formed. 
U. S. Expedition to Japan, under Commodore Perry, set out. 

1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise,^^ by the estab- 
lishment of Territorial Governments in Kansas and Xebraska.^^' 

Purchase of the Mesilla Valley.-* Loss of the Steamer Arctic. 

185t. James Buchanan, President. J. C. Breckenridge, 
Yice President. 

Cabinet — Lewis Cass, Secretary of State; IIowcll Cobb, Secretary of the 
Treasury; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of 
the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, 
Postmaster-General ; Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 



lion of each should prescribe ; the Texas boundary was settled, and $10,000,000 
paid to her by the United States ; the slave trade was abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia ; and the '' Fugitive Slave Law" passed. 

'^'- The Kansas and Nebraska Act established territorial governments over 
Kansas and Nebraska, and provided that, Avhen admitted as States, they 
shall be received with or without slavery, as the Constitution of each may 
prescribe. This act, by allowing slavery in a part of the Louisiana Territory, 
north of 36° 30', repealed the Missouri Compromise. 



CHRONOLOGY 

OF THE 

THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES 

VIRGINIA. 

1606. James I. grants South Yirginia'' (34°-38° N.Lat.) 
to the London Company. 

1601. First permanent English settlement in America/ at 
Jamestown.''* 

(Edward Wingfield, Governor.) 

Capture of Smith by the Indians. 

1608. Captain Newport arrives with 120 settlers. 
"Gold mania" in the Colony. 

1609. London Company receives the second Charter. 

(Lord Delaware, Governor for life. Gates, Deputy Governor, wrecked on the Ber- 
mudas.29') 

1610. Smith returns to England.^ 

The Colonists suffer from starvation. They embark for 
England, but are met by Lord Delaware with supplies. 

1611. Lord Delaware returns to England.^ Sir Thomas 
Dale appointed Governor. 

1612. London Company receives the third Charter. 

1613. An expedition, commanded by Argall, destroys the 
French settlements in Acadia,^'' and compels the Dutch at 
Manhattan ^^ to acknowledge the authority of the English. 

^' Bermudas (ber-moo'-clas), or Somers' Islands, a group of islands in the 
Atlantic Ocean, 680 miles from Cape Ilatteras, belonging to Great Britain. 
Principal exports — arrow-root, potatoes, and onions. There is no fresh water 
on the islands, except a few wells, and these are brackish. Hamilton, tho 
capital, is on Bermuda, or Long Island. There is regular steam communica- 
tion with New York. 

(63) 



C4 VIRGINIA. 

1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
scot ''Uo Cape Cod.2« 

1616. Cultivation of tobacco introduced. 

1619. First Representative Assembly in America^ called 
by Governor Yeardley, at Jamestown,^" Virginia.^' 

1620. Negro slavery introduced. 

Ninety girls sent from England^ to be wives for the planters. 

1621. A written Constitution granted by the Company. 
Cultivation of cotton introduced. 

Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. 

1622. Settlers at Jamestown ^^ massacred by the Indians. 

1624. King James dissolves the London Company. 

1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 

1628. Harvey, Governor. 

1636. Harvey imprisoned, and sent to England,^ but was 
sent back the same year. 

1639. Sir William Berkeley appointed Governor. 

1644. Second massacre of the Virginia settlers by the 
Indians. 

1649. Charles I. beheaded by Parliament, and monarchy 
abolished. 

1651. "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Cromwell. 

1652. Cromwell sends a force to compel Berkeley to ac- 
knowledge his authority. 

(From 1652 to 1660, the Governors were Bennet, Diggs, Mathews, and Sir William 
Berkeley.) 

1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

1663. Second "Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1672. Liberty of "Free Trade" ^^" between the Colonies 
taken away by the king. 

16T3. Large tracts of land granted by the king to his 
favorites, Culpepper and Arlington. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 

In 1677, Culpepper was appointed Governor for life, thus making the colony a pro- 
prietary government. In 1684, Culpepper being deprived of his office, Virginia became 
a royal province, and continued so until the adoption of a State Constitution, at the 
time of the Revolution. 

^ A heavy tax was laid upon goods exported from one colony to another. 



NEW YOllK. 65 



NEW YORK. 



1609. Hudson River^^ discovered by Henry Hudson (sent 
out by the Dutch). 

1614. New York ^'^ settled at Manhattan ^'^ by the Dutch, 
and called New Amsterdam. ^^^ 

Fort Orange^^' built on the site of Albany. '^^ 
Captain Argall, sailing from Yirginia/' compels the settlers 
to acknowledge his authority. 

1615. Dutch renounce the authority of the English. 

1625. Peter Winuits, GoTernor of New Netherlands.'" 

1629. "Charter of liberties" granted by the West India 
Company. 

1631. Dutch claim from Cape Ileulopen*^ to Cape Cod.^ 
1633. Touter Yon Twiller, Gorernor. 

1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford. ^^' 

1C38. Sir William Keift, Governor, rebuilds Fort Nassau.'** 

1640. Hostilities commence with the Indians of Long 
Island'^' and New Jersey.'''' 

1646. Indians defeated in the battle of Strickland Plains,^' 
by New York^^ settlers. 

1647. W. Stuyvesant, Governor. 

1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut ^° settlers. 

(The Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.'") 

1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir.^^^ 

1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware River. 

1663. Second Indian War. 

1664. New York^" surrenders to the English. 

^''^ Nevy Amsterdam, or New York. — These settlements by the Dutch were 
mere trading-huts. A discrepancy exists in the dates — some writers giving 
1613, and some 1614. Argall considered the Dutch as intruders on the soil 
of Virginia — the patent of James I. extending to the 45th parallel. The 
name of Fort Orange was given in honor of the Prince of Orange, and 
changed, in 16C4, to Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. 

^' Fort Nassau, on Big Timber Creek, on the east side of the Delaware 
River, six miles from Camden. 

^' Fort Casimir was on the present site of Newcastle, fivo miles from the 
Swedish fort at Christiana. 

6* 



66 NEW YORK. 

1673. New York " surrendered to the Dutch by the treachery of Sir John 
Manning. 

1674. New York '■" retaken by the English. 

16t4. Andross appointed Governor. 

1682. First Legislative Assembly meets in New York.''' 

1683. Second "Charter of liberties" granted. 

1684. Council at Albany '°' with the Six Nations (p. 31). 

1688. New York ^^ included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
"Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

1689. Jame^s II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France." 
William and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England." 
Leisler assumes the authority. 

1690. Schenectady^^ burned by the Indians. 

1691. Sloughter appointed Governor. 
Leisler and Melbourne executed. 

1692. Fletcher appointed Governor. 
1698. Bellamont appointed Governor. 
IT 02. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 

Queen Anne's War {between England^ and France,") 
commences in America.^ 

Cornbury appointed Governor. 

ni3. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
Utrecht. ^^ 

1711. Expedition to Montreal,*' by wayof LakeChamplain,"' is abandoned. 

It 14. George I. ascends the throne. 
1119. Burnet appointed Governor. 
172t. George II. ascends the throne. 
IT 41. Negroes charged with a conspiracy to destroy the 
whites. 

New York remained under a Provincial Government until the adoption of a State 
Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 

"'* Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, in Ne^y York, sixteen miles north- 
west of Albany. Population, 9000. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 6t 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

1592. Law of Conformity^ passed by Elizabeth, and Puri- 
tans ^^ emigrate to Holland.^* 

1602. Gosnold discovers and names Cape Cod.^^ 

1603. James I. ascends the throne. 

1606. James I. grants North Virginia^' to the Plymouth 
Company. 

1607. Plymouth Company attempts a settlement on the 
Kennebec River.^^'^ 

1614. Captain John Smith explores the coast from Penob- 
scot "'Ho Cape Cod.2' 

1620. Massachusetts'" settled at Plymouth."' 

1621. Massasoit, a chief of the Wampanoags, makes a 
treaty with the settlers at Plymouth.'" 

1625. Charles I. ascends the throne. 

1628. Salem ^^ settled by John Endicott. 

1629. Colony incorporated. 

1630. Boston settled by Winthrop. 

1634. Government changes from a pure democracy to a 
Representative Government. 

1635. Henry Yanc and other emigrants arrive. 

The king forbids CromweU and Hampden to leave England.* 

Roger Williams^ banished. 

1636. Yane appointed Governor. 

Dispute with Ann Hutchinson on religious questions. 
163t. War between the Pequods and Connecticut^" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge.^^ 

1639. First printing-press established in America.^ 
1641. New Hampshire''^ unites with Massachusetts.''-" 

^'' The Kennebec, an important river in Maine, issues from Moosehead Lake, 
and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has a descent of more than 1000 feet 
in 150 miles, thus afifording a valuable water-power. The usual time for the 
closing of the river by ice is December 12th, and April 3d for the opening of 
navigation. 



68 MASSACHUSETTS. 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Island,^'') for mutual protection and defence. 

(Comprising Massachusetts. Connecticut, Plymouth, and New Ilaren.) 

1649. Charles I. beheaded by order of Parliament, and 
monarchy abolished. 

1650. Persecution of the Baptists. 

1651. "Navigation Acts"^** passed by Cromwell. 

1652. Massachusetts ^° and Maine ^^ unite. 
1656. Persecution of the Quakers. 
1660. Restoration of monarchy. 

(Charles II. ascends the throne.) 

Arrival of the regicides {Goffe and Whalley). ■ 

1663. Second " Navigation Acts"^^ passed by Charles II. 

1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
of the Colony. 

16t2. Liberty of "free trade "'^'^ between the Colonies 
taken away by the king. 

16t5. Commencement of King Philip's War. 

Attack on Swanzey.^^^ 

1676. King Philip's War ended by his death. 

1680. Massachusetts "" and New Hampshire ^^ separate. 

1684. Charter of Massachusetts^" declared invalid. 

1685. James II. ascends the throne. 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 

(The Colony deprived of its Charter.) 

1688. '' Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

16S9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
William and Mary ascend the throne. 

1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.' 

1690. Conquest of Port Royal =" by Sir Wm. Phipps. 
Phipps's unsuccessful expedition against Canada. ^^ 
1692. Salem ^' witchcraft. 

Massachusetts ^° receives a new charter. 

"^^ Swanzey, a village in Massachusetts, on Mt. Hope Bay, a part of Narra- 
gansctt Bay. 



NEW IIAMrSIIIRE. 69 

1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick."'^ 

1Y02. Queen Anne ascends the throne. 

Queen Anne's War commences in America.^ 

Attack on Deerfield.^* 

1704. First newspaper published in America^ at Boston.^ 

(The "Boston Weekly News- Letter.") 

1707. Unsuccessful expedition to Port Royal.^' 

1710. Conquest of Port Royal. ^'^ 

(1 he name changed to Annapolis.") 

1711. Admiral Walker's unsuccessful expedition to 
Canada.^'' 

1713. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty of 
Utrecht. ^^ 

1714. George I. ascends the throne. 

1716. Contest between Governor Shute and the House of 
Representatives as to salary. 

1727. George 11. ascends the throne. 

1744. King George's War (between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

1745. Louisburg^* and Cape Breton °^ taken by the British. 

(British Commanders, Sir William Pepperell and Admiral Warren.) 

1748. King George's War ended by the Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle."^" 

Massachusetts remained under the Charter granted by William HI., in 1692, until 
the adoption of a State Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 



ISTEW HAMPSHIRE. 

[The accession of the sovereigns, and some other events, are not mentioned in this 
and the following Colonies, unless necessary to the connection.] 

1622. Grant of land to Gorges and Mason. 

1624 New Hampshire'' settled at Dover ••' by the English. 

1629. New Hampshire"^ granted to Mason. 

1641. New Hampshire^' united with Massachusetts."" 



YO NEW JERSEY. 

1664. Commissioners sent over to examine the affairs of 
the Colony. 

1680. New Hampshire''^ separated from Massachusetts.''" 
First Legislature assembles at Portsmouth. ^^^ 

1681. Dispute between Mason and the people as to the payment of rent 
for the land. 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 

1688. "Glorious Revolution" in England.^ 

1CS9. James II. abdicates the throne, and takes refuge in France.** 
"William and Marj' ascond the throne. 

1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.^ 

1690. Dover '^ burned by the Indians. {King WilUanVs 
War.) 

New Hampshire ^^ united with Massachusetts.''" 
1692. New Hampshire ^^ separated from Massachusetts.'"' 
1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick."^^ 

1699. New Hampshire"^ nited with Massachusetts.'*" 

Earl of Bellamont, Governor. 

1741. New Hampshire"^ separated from Massachusetts.''" 

New Hampshire remained a Eoj'al Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Kevolution. 



NEW JERSEY. 

1623. Fort Nassau ^^^ built by the Dutch, but abandoned. 

1624. New Jersey"^ settled at Bergen'' by the Dutch and 
Danes. 

1664. New Jersey'*' granted by the Duke of York to 
Berkeley and Carteret. 

1665. Philip Carteret {first Governor,) establishes himself 
at Elizabethtown. 

^® Portsmouth, on a peninsula lying on the south side of the Piscataqua 
Biver, in New Ilampshire. 



DELAWARE. tl 

16t0. Difficulties between the settlers and the proprietors 
as to the payment of rent for the land. 

16Y4. Andross, Governor of New Jersey,"'' 

Berkeley sells his share of New Jersey''" to Billings. 

1675. Billings makes an assignment to William Penn and 
others. 

167t. New Jersey"" divided into East and West Jersey.^ 

(East Jersey given to Carteret; West Jersey, to Penn.) 

1G80. The eminent jurist, Sir W. Jones, decides against the claims of 
Andross to New Jersey.** 

1681. First Representative Assembly in West Jersey. 

1682. East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 

1688. New Jersey "" included in the jurisdiction of Andross. 
1702. New Jersey"" becomes a royal province. 

Lord Cornbury, QoTernor. 

1738. New Jersey"" separates from New York.^' 

New Jersey continued under a Provincial Government until the adoption of a 
Stale Constitution at the time of the Revolution. 



DELAWARE. 

1627. Delaware"^ settled at Cape Henlopen"^ by the Swedes 
and Finns. 

New Sweden extended from Cape Ilenlopen *^ to Trenton.'^* 

1638. Settlement at Christiana Creek, ^°' near Wilmington, 
under Minuits. 

1643. Swedes build a fort on Tinicum, to oppose Fort 
Nassau.^^" 

John Printz, first Governor. 

1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir'^^ at New Castle. 
Fort Casimir"^ seized by Rising, the second Swedish 
Governor. 

°°° East and West Jersey. — The division Avas made by running a line from 
the most southern point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor, to the north- 
western extremity of the State. 

'" Christiana Creek enters the Brandywinc at Wilmington. 



*^^ CONNECTICUT. 

1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes on the Delaware. 

Rising was conTeyed to Europe, and the country was placed under depu- 
ties from New Netherlands. 

1664. New York ^^ surrendered to the English. 
1 682. " The Territories, ' ' or, the " Three Lower Counties, ' ' 
now Delaware,"^ granted to Penn. 

1691. Delaware''^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 

1693. Delaware"*^ united to Pennsylvania.^^ 

(Fletcher, Governor.) 

1694. Delaware''^ and Pennsylvania^^ restored to Penn. 
lYOl. Delaware"^ refuses to continue the union with Penn- 
sylvania.^^ 

n02. Delaware"^ has a separate Legislature, but the same 
Governor. 

Penn died in 1718, leaving Delaware and Pennsylvania to his three sons. The heirs 
continued to govern the Colony until the Revolution, when they surrendered their 
claims to the Commonwealth for $580,000. A State Constitution was then adopted. 



CONNECTICUT. 

1633. Dutch form a settlement at Hartford.^^^* 

Connecticut^" settled at Windsor.^' 

1635. Weathersfield=°' and Saybrook'' settled. 

1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut*" settlers 
ended by the destruction of the tribe. 

1638. Settlement of New Haven by Davenport. Eaton, 
and others. 

1639. Connecticut^ towns adopt a Constitution. 

1643. Union of the New England Colonies (except Rhode 
Island,) for mutual protection and defence. 

(CoQiprifing Massachusetts, Connecticut, I'lymouth, and New Haven.) 

1650. Treaty between the Dutch and Connecticut settlers. 

(Dutch relinquish their claim to the present State of Connecticut.) 

^ Weathersficld, on the west side of the Connecticut Biver, four miles south 
of Hartford. 



MARYLAND. •j3 

1662. Connecticut^" obtains a Royal Charter. 

Charter granted to 'Wiuthrop on presenting a ring which was a present 
from Charles I. 

1664. Arrival of Commissioners to examine into the affairs 
of the Colony. 
1675. Andross attempts to gain possession of the fort. 

(Captain BuU defends the fort.) 

Commencement of King Philip's War. 

1687. Andross attempts to take the Charter.^^' 

(Charter 2" hid in an oak.) 

1688. "Glorious Revolution'Mn England.^ 

1689. King William's War {between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Andross imprisoned, and sent to England.'' 
1692. Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford.^'*' 

Captain Wadsworth retains the command of the militia. 

1700. Yale College founded at Saybrook.**' 
1708. The "Saybrook Platform " ''"^^ adopted. 
1717. Yale College removed to New Haven. 

Connecticut remained under a Royal Charter until the adoption of a State Consti- 
tution at the time of the Revolution. 



MARYLAND. 



1631. Clayborne receives a license to trade with the 
Indians. 

1632. Lord Baltimore receives his Charter. 

Sir George Calvert dying, the Charter was made out to his son, Cecil 
Calvert. 

1634. Maryland'' settled at St. Mary's'^' by Roman Cath- 
olics, under Lord Baltimore. 

="'•' The "Saybrook Platform" contained the Confession of Faith and the 
rules and discipline of the Church in Connecticut, and re-aflSrmed the AVest- 
minster and Savoy Confessions. All churches Avhich acknowledged this plat- 
form were established by law, but all others were allowed to regulate their 
concerns as they pleased. 

7 



74 RHODE ISLAND — NORTH CAROLINA. 

1635. First Legislative Assembly convened. 

1639. Pvepresentative Government established. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion. 

1655. Civil war between Roman Catholics and Protestants. 

1660. Philip Calvert appointed Governor. 

1691. Lord Baltimore deprived of his Charter. 

1*715. Charter restored to the heirs of Lord Baltimore. 

Maryland remained under a Proprietary Government until the adoption of a State 
Constitution at the time of the lieTolution. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

1636. Rhode Island^ settled at Providence'^ by the Bap- 
tists under Roger Williams. 

1638. Settlement of Portsmouth ^'^^ by Coddington, 

1639. Settlement of Newport.''^ 

1644. Charter obtained from Parliament by Roger Wil- 
liams. 

1647. A Democratic Government established. 

1663. Royal Charter obtained. 

1664. Commissioners sent over to examine the affairs of 
the Colony. 

1686. Andross made Governor of all New England. 

Andross dissolved the Charter of Rhode Island, but it was resumed on hia impris- 
onment, and continued in force until the adoption of a State Constitution in 1842. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

1585 to 158t. Raleigh's unsuccessful attempts to form set- 
tlements. 

Emigrants fi*om Virginia^' attempt to form settlements at 
Albemarle^" about the year 1650. 

*°' Portsmouth is in the northern part of the island of Rhode Ishmd. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. "jS 

1663. Charles II. grants Nortli'^ and South Carolina*^^ to 
Lord Clarendon and seven others. 

North Carolina^^ settled at Albemarle by the English. 

1667. Clarendon Company established by planters from 
Barbadoes.^^ 

1670. Locke prepares a " Fundamental Constitution."^^ 

1671. John Yeamans removed to the South Carolina*^" 
Colony. 

1677. Culpepper's Rebellion in support of a smuggler. 

1683. Seth Sothel, Governor; banished in 1688. 

1693. ''Fundamental Constitution "^^ abolished. 

1695. John Archdale, Governor. 

1698. Settlements on Tar River,=''' 

1711. War with the Tuscaroras and Corees. 

(Colonel Barnwe'l sent against the Indians.) 

1713. Colonel Moore sent against the Indians. 

Tuscaroras emigrate to New York,^^ and join the Five 
Nations (p. 37). 

1715. Peace with the Corees. 

1729. North ^^ and South Carolina ^^ become distinct 
provinces. 

(The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 

North Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Revolution. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1562. Ribault {sent out by Coligny,) builds Fort Carolina, 
at Fort Royal,'" in South Carolina, ^^ which was the first at- 
tempt to plant a colony in the United States. 

1670. South Carolina^' settled at Port Royal by the English. 

1671. Yeamans. Governor. 

^°^ Barbadoes is one of the Caribbee, or Windward Islands, and the most 
eastern of the West Indies. 

^ Tar River, in the eastern part of North Carolina, enters Pamlico Sound. 
From the Sound to the village of Washington, a distance of forty miles, it is 
called Pamlico River. 



76 PENNSYLVANIA. 

Locke prepares the " Fundamental Constitution."^^ 
1680. Settlement of Charleston. '^° 

1685. Louis XIV. revokes the "Edict of Nantes,'"^'' and many Protestants 
emigrate to America.* 

1690. Seth Sothel succeeds Colleton as Governor. 
1693. "Fundamental Constitution"^^ abolished. 
1695. John Archdale's wise and equitable administration. 
1697. Huguenots admitted to all the rights of citizens. 
n02. Queen Anne's War (between England^ and 
France,^^) commences in America.^ 

Governor Moore's unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish Province 
of Florida.^ Spain* was an ally of France,** consequently liable to attack 
by England.'' 

1706. Spaniards invade South Carolina.®^ 

1713. Queen Anne's War ended by the Treaty -of 
Utrecht.'' 

1715. War with the Yamassees. Battle of Salkehatchie.^*" 

1720. Proprietors forfeit their Charter. 

1729. North^^ and "South Carolina^^ become distinct 
provinces. 

(The Colonies were purchased by the king for $80,000.) 

South Carolina remained a Royal Province until the adoption of a State Constitu- 
tion at the time of the Revolution. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

1643. Settlement of Tinicum^*^ by the Swedes. 

1681. Penn receives his Charter. 

1682. Pennsylvania^ settled at Philadelphia^'' by William 



Pemi. 



Treaty with the Indians. 



^^ Salkehatchie, a name given to the upper part of the Combahee River, in 
South Carolina. 

^°^ Tinicum, an island in the Delaware River, belonging to Pennsylvania, 
twelve miles from Philadelphia. 



GEORGIA. 77 

First Legislative Assembly convened at Chester. ^°^ 
East Jersey purchased by Penn and others. 
"The Territories," or, the "Three Lower Counties," now 
Delaware,''^ granted to Penn. 

1683. Second Legislative Assembly convened at Phila- 
delphia.^^ 

1684. Penn returns to England.^ 

1688. " Glorious Revolution" in England.^' 
King William's War {between England^ and France, ^^) 
commences in America.^ 

1691. Delaware'*^ separates from Pennsylvania.^^ 

1692. Charter taken from Penn. 

(Fletcher appointed Governor.) 

1693. Delaware''^ re-united to Pennsylvania.^^ 
i694. Charter restored to Penn. 

1697. King William's War ended by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick.'"^ 

1699. Penn's second visit to the Colony. 

1701. Penn returns to England.^ 

1702. Delaware"^ separated from Pennsylvania.*^^ 
1718. Death of Penn. 

In 1776, the Commonwealth purchased the Colony from Tcnn's heirs for $580,000, 
and adopted a State Constitution, 



GEOKGIA. 

1732. Oglethorpe receives his Charter from George II. 

1733. Georgians settled at Savannah'' by the English. 

(Treaty with the Indians.) 

1736. Boundary disputes with Spain.* 

Visit of Wesley in 1736; Whitfield, in 1738. 
1739. England^ declares war against Spain.* 



Chester is on the Delaware lliver, fifteen milca southwest of Philadeli^hia. 
7* 



•jg GEORGIA. 

1740. Unsuccessful expedition to Florida.^ 
1742. Spanish invasion defeated by Oglethorpe's stratagem. 
1752. Proprietors resign their Charter, and the Colony 
becomes a Royal Government. 

Georgia remained a Koyal Province until the adoption of a State Constitution 
at the lime of the Revolution. 

No^E. — California, the most western of the United States, was taken possession of by 
Commodore Sloat during the Mexican War, and ceded to the United States by the Treaty 
of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The auriferous character of the soil has made this 
territory of the greatest importance. At the close of 1854, the amount of gold pro- 
duced was estimated at $298,243,938. Adventurers from every part of the globe are to 
be found there — even China has a large representation in California. It became a 
State in 1850, after a protracted and stormy debate, it being the first State formed from 
the territory lying south of the line of the Missouri Compromise, whose Constitution 
had excluded slavery. Iler admission, Avith that Constitution, was the result of the 
Compromise measures of 1850. Population, 204,435. Area, 188,982 square miles. 
(Inhabitant, Cal-i-for'-nian.) , 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



English. Sovereigns, from the Discovery of America. 

House of Tudor. House of Stuart. House of Brunswiclc. 



1485. Henry VII. 
1509. Henry VIII. 
1547. Edward VI. 

Mary. 

Elizabeth. 



■*1553, 
1558 



1603. James I. 

1625. Charles I. 

1649. The Commonwealth. 

1660. Charles II. 

1685. James II. 

16!- 9. "William and Mary. 

1702. Anne. 



1714. George T. 
1727. Geor-^e II. 
1760. George III. 
1820. George IV. 
1S,30. -William IV 
1837. Victoria. 



» -••♦ 



Presidents of the United States. 



George Washington . 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson .....^ 
James Madison ..*..... 

James Monroe 

John Quincy Adams 

Andrew .lackson 

INlartin Van ISuren... 
AVilliam II. Harrison 

John Tyler 

James K. I'olk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 



Virginia 

Massachu.'^etts 

.Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Tennessee 

New York 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

N. Hampshire 
Pennsylvania 



Born. 


1^^ 
1789 






1732 


57 


8 


1735 


1797 


62 


4 


1743 


1801 


58 


8 


1751- 


•1S09 


58 


8 


1758 


1817 


58 


8 


1767 


1825 


58 


4 


1767 


1829 


62 


8 


1782 


1837 


55 


4 


1773 


1841 


68 


_ 


1790 


1841 


51 


4 


1795 


1845 


49 


4 


1784 


1849 


65 


1 


1800 


1850 


50 


3 


1S04 


1853 


49 


4 


1791 


1857 


66 





Dec. 14,1799 
July 4, 1826 
July 4,1826 
.lune 28, 1836 
July 4, 1831 
23, 1848 
June 8, 1845 

- April "4,1841 

.7unel5J"lS49 
July 9, 1850 



Wars of the Colonies arfd States. 

1637. War between the Pequods and Connecticut settlers ; ended the same year by 
the destruction of the tribe. 

1675. Commencement of King Philip's War; ended, 1676, by his death. 

1689. King William's War (hetiveen England and France^ commences in America; 
ended, 1697, by Treaty of Ryswick. 

1702. Queen Anne's War (between England and France,) commences in America; 
ended, 1713, by Treaty of Utrecht. 

1744. King George's War, or, the Old French and Indian War {between England and 
France), commences in America; ended, 1748, by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1756. French and Indian AVar, or, the Seven Years' War; ended, 1763, by the Treaty 
of Paris. 

1775. Bevolutionary War; ended, 1783, by the Treaty of Paris. 

1812. Three Years' War, or, the War of 1812; ended, 1815, by the Treaty of Ghent. 

1846. Mexican War; ended, 1818, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 

(79) 



80 



CimONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



Battles of the Hevolution. 



Where fought. 



When 
fought. 

April 19 
May 10 
May 12 
. June 17 



Oct. 2S 
Nov. 16 
Dec. 26 
Jan. 3 
July 5 
, Auii. 3 

Aug. r, 

. Au-r. 16 
. Au<r. 16 



17: 



American British 

Commanders. Conmiauders. 

5. Lexington Parker Smith and Pitcairn 

Ticonderoga Allen De La Place 

Crown Point Warner 

Bunker Hill Prescott Howe and Clinton . 

Quebec Montgomery.. Carlton Dec. 31 

6. i'ort Moultrie Moultrie Clinton, aided by i 

CornwallisandSir > June 28 
Peter I'arker. > 

LongLsland Putnam Howe and Clinton ... Aug. 27 

"White Plains McDougall Howe 

Fort Washington ... Magaw Howe 

Trenton Washington Rahl 

7. Princeton Washington Mawhood 

Ticonderoga St. Clair Durgoyne 

Fort Schuyler Gansevoort St. Leger 

Oriskany Herkimer Butler and Brandt 

Bennington Stark Baum 

Bennington Warner Breyman 

Brandywine Washington Howe Sept. 11 

Stillwater (1st) Gates Eurgoyne Sept. 19 

Germantown Washington Howe Oct. 4 

Stillwater (2d) Gates Burgoyne Oct. 7 

Fort Mifflin Smith Nov. IG 

Fort Mercer Christoph. Greene .. Donop Oct. 22 

"S.Monmouth Washington Clinton June 28 

Wyoming Col. Zeb. Butler John Butler July 4 

Rhodelsland Sullivan Pigot 

Cherry Valley WhUlw PiiHrv Brandt 

Savannah Robert Howe Campbell Dec. 29 

r9. Suubury Major Lane Prevost Jan. 9 

Port Roval Moultrie Gardiner Feb. 3 

Kettle Creek Pickens Boyd Feb. 14 

Brier Creek Ash Prevost March 3 

Stono Ferry Lincoln Maitland June 20 

Stony Point Wayne Johnson July 15 

Lovell and Salton- \ McLean and Col- - 
stall, _S lifirs, 

PaulusHook 7 Lee Sutherland Aug. 19 

^, o 11- fSir John Johnson 7 . nr. 

Clif™"°S' Sullivan | and Brandt, | Aug. 29 

Jones Pearson Sept. 23 . 

Lincoln Prevost Oct. 9 

TT *. f Webster, Ferguson, ") . ., , , 

II^Se\ t «nd TarletSn, | ^P^^^^ 

Lincoln Clinton May 12 

Waxhaw Buford Tarleton Jlay 29 

Springfield Greene Knyphausen June 23 , 

Rocky Mount Sumpter Col. Trumbull July 30 

Hanging Rock Sumpter Col. Irwin Aug. 6 

Saunders' Creek, | ^^^^^ Cornwallis Aug. 16 



Penobscot , 



Flamboro Head. 
Savannah 

80. Monk's Corner .. 

Charleston 



....^.^...jJ... Aug. 29 

It JK.«5Mr«)M-^'ov. 11 



I July 25 



(Ist Bat. of Cam 
Fishing Creek .... 
King's Mountain 

Broad River 

Blackstocks 

rSl. Cowpens 

Guilford C.H 

Hobkirk's Hill ... 

Ninety-Six 

Fort Griswold .... 



Sumpter Tarleton A.ug. 18 

Campbell Ferguson OctT 7 

Sumpter Wemyss Nov. 12 

Sumpter Tarleton Nov. 20 

Morgan Tarleton Jan. 17 

Greene Cornwallis Mar. 15 

Greene Rawdon April 25 

Greene Cruirar June 18 

Ledyard Arnold and Eyre Sept. 6 

Eutaw Spring.s Greene Stuart Sei)t. 8 . 

' " De Grasse, """"^ } Cornwallis Oct. 17 



,, , . f Washington 

Yorktown < j ^ 



Parly 
successful. 

Amer's. 

Amer's. 

Amer's. 
. British. 
. British. 

. Amer's. 

. Briti.«h. 

Ind!i«*«-^,«<V 
, Britii-h. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. British* 

■ PgpM'h ^r^m\ 
. Indians 
. Amer's. 
. .\nier's. 
. Btitish. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. Anu'r's. 
. British. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. British. 
. Brili^h. 
. Amer's. 
. Amer's. 
. British. 
. British. 
. Amer's. 

,. British. 

. Amer's. 

.. Amer'.s. 

,. Amer's. 
,. British. 

,. British. 

,. British. 
,. British. 
. Amer's. 
,. British. 
,. Amer's. 

,. British. 

,. British. 
,. Amer's. 
,. Amer's. 
.. Amer's. 
,. Amer's. 
,. British. 
,. British. 
.. Brirish. 
.. Briti.-h. 
. Indecis. 

.. Amer's. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



81 






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82 



CII110:X0L0GICAL TABLES. 



Principal Land-Battles of the War of 1813. 



When fought. 


Where fought. 


Force engaged. 


Commanders. 


Amer's. 


British. 


American. 


1 
British 


1812. Aug. 5 
Aug. 9 
Oct. 13 

1813. Jan. 22 
April 27 
May 1 
May 27 
May 29 
Aug. 2 
Oct. ^ 

1814. Jan. 27 
July 5 
July 25 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 24 
Sept. 11 
Sept. 12 
Sept. 13 

1815. Jan. 8 


Brownstown 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 

Frencbtown 

York 


200 

600 
1000 

800 
1700 
1200 
4000 
1000 

160 
3500 

3500 
3500 
1600 
6000 
2000 
3000 
1000 
6000 


800 
800 
2500 
1500 
1800 
2000 
1500 
1000 
l:J00 
2000 

5000 
5000 
5000 
5000 

14,000 
7000 
N. F. 

12,000 


Tan Ilornc 

Miller 


Tecumseb.* 

Tecuuiseh.* 

Brock.* 

Proctor.* 

Sheaffe. 

Proctor. 

Prevost. 
Proctor. 
Proctor. 

Biall. 

Drummond. 

Drummond. 

Boss.* 

Prevost. 

Brooke. 

Cochrane. 


Tan Bensselaer 

Winchester 

Pike 

Clay 

Dearhorne 

Brown 


Fort George 

Sackett's Ilnrbor . 
Lower Sandusky . 
Thames 


Crchan 


Harri'^on 




Chippeway 

Bridgewater 


Brown 




Eladensburg 

Plattsburg 




Macomb 


North Point 

Fort Mcllenry 

New Orleans 


Strieker 

Armstead 











* The asterisks indicate the actions in which the British wore successful. 



Principal Battles of tlie War with. Mexico. 



1846. May 
May 



1847 



28 



Sept. 24 
Dec. 25 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jlarch 27 
April IS 
Aug. 20 
Aug. 20 
Sept. 8 
Sept. 13 
Sept. 14 



Where fc-jghU 



Palo Alto 

Besaca de la Pal ma 

Monterey 

Bracito* , 

Buena Tista 

Sacramento 

Tera Cruz 

Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 

Churubupco 

Molino del Key , 

Chapultepec 

City of Mexico 



Force engaged. 


Amer's. 


J^Iex's. 


2300 


6000 


2200 


6000 


6600 


10.000 


900 


4000 


4759 


19.000 


900 


4000 


12,000 


10.000 


8500 


15.000 


4000 


7000 


9000 


30,000 


3200 


14.000 


7200 


20.000 


7500 


20,000 



Commanders. 



American. 


Mexican. 


Taylor.... 


Arista. 


Taylor .... 


Arista. 


Taylor.... 


Ampudia. 


Doniphan 


Ponce de Leon. 


Taylor .... 


Santa Anna. 


Doniphan 


Trias. 


Scott 


Morales. 


Scott 


Santa Anna. 


Scott 


Talencia. 


Scott 


Santa Anna. 


Worth 


Santa Anna. 


Scott 


Santa Anna. 


Scott 


Santa Anna. 



' The Bracito (" Little Arm," so called from a bend in the river near the place,) ii ou 
the east bivnk of the Rio Grande, 200 miles north of Chihuahua. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. §3 

Settlements and Admissions of the States. 



1565 
1594 
ItiOT 
1614 
1G-20 
16-iJ 
1G24 
1625 
16-27 
1633 

1634 



1636 

1663 
1669 
1670 
1670 

1682 

ins5 

1690 
1690 
1699 
1711 
1716 
1720 
1725 
1733 
1757 
1704 
1769 
1775 
1788 
1811 
1833 
1846 
18-48 






Florida 

New Mexico.... 

Virginia 

New York 

Massachusetts. 
N. Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

IMaiue 

Delaware 

Connecticut.... 

Maryland 

Rhode Island .. 

North Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

South Carolina 

Pennsylyama 

Arkansas 

Texas 

Indiana 

Louisiana 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Georgia 

Tennessee 

Missouri 

California 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Utah 



Where settled. 



St. Augustine 

Sant^i Fe , 

•lamestown 

Manhattan 

Plymouth 

Dover 

Bergen , 

Bristol 

Cape Ilenlopcn 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence < 

Albemarle 

Green Bay 

Detroit 

Port Koyal 

Philadelphia < 

Arkansas Post 

San Antonio de Bexar 

Vincennes 

Iberville 

Mobile 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Fort Dunimer 

Savannah 

Fort Loudon 

St. Louis 

San Diego 

Boonesboro 

Marietta 

Astoria 

Burlington 

St. Paul 

Salt Lake City 



By wliom. 


Joined 


the Confederacy 






what tin. 




Spaniards 


Admitted 1845. 
















States 


Dutch 








English Puritans 


a 


(( 


" 


English 


a 


'' 


a 


Dutch and Danes 


n 


English 


Admitted 1820. 




Swedes and Finns 


One of the orig. 


States. 


Em. from Mass. ... 


" 


" 


" 


Rom. Catholics, ) 








under Lord V 


k( 


" 


« 


Baltimore, > 








Baptists under) 
UogerWilliams/ 


(( 


a 


(( 








En"-lish .... 


Admitted 1847. 


(J 


French 




French 




1837. 




English 


Oneof tlif'^i'i"' 


States 


English, under) 
Wm. Penn, / 














AdmittP'^' 1SSR 




Spaniards 




1845 




French 


« 


1816. 
1812. 




French 






u 


1819. 
1817. 

IS] 8. 




French 




French 




Em. from Mass. ... 


a 


1791. 




English 


One of the orig. 


States. 


Em. from N. Ca. ... 


Admitted 1796. 




French 


jj 


1821. 
1850. 




Spaniards 




D. Boone and asso. 


a 


1792. 




Em. from N. Eng. 


" 


1802. 




Em, from N. York 








Em. from N. Eng. 


a 


1846. 




Em. from N.Eng. 








Mormon Em 









American Inventions. 

Invention of the Quadrant, by Thomas Godfrey, about 1730. 

Invention of the Lightning-Rod, by Benjamin Franklin, about 1753. 

Invention of the Franklin Stove, by Benjamin Franklin, about 1753. 

Invention of the Cotton-Gin, by Eli Whitney, about 1790. 

Invention of the machine for making Cards, by AVhittemore. 

Application of Steam to Navigation, by Fitch and Fulton, in 1790 and 1807. 

In 1790, Fitch succeeded in propelling a boat by steam at the rate of eight miles an 

hour. The following advertisement, taken from the daily papers of that period, affords 

indubitable proof of this fact : 

"THE STEAMBOAT 

Is now ready to take passengers, and is intended to set off from Arch Street Ferry, in 
Philadelphia, every Monday, WeOnesday, and Friday, for Burlington, Bristol, Bor- 
den town, and Trenton, to return Tuesd.avs, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Price for 
passengers, 2s. 6d. to Burlington and Bristol, 3s. M. to Bordcntown, bs. to Trenton " 
— Tal-en from ''Pennsylvania PacJcel," of June 15, 1790, and ''Federal Gazette" June 
14, 1790. See " Life of Fitch," just published. 

[No less than 23 advertisements, specifying 31 trips, are found in the papers 1 

Invention of the Electric Telegraph, by S. B. Morse. [The first successful Electric 

Telegraph wns erected between Baltimore and Washington in 1844.] 



CAUSES OF THE WARS 



The ?equod "War. 
1637. 

In 1637, the Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting Connecticut, seeing the 
steady increase of the whites in number and power, determined to attempt 
their total destruction. They failed in their endeavors to form an alliance 
with the Narragansetts and Mohegans, and, by the skilful management of 
Captain John Mason, were totally defeated. The war was ended the same 
year by the desti-uction of the tribe. 



King Philip's War. 
1675 — 1676. 

The treaty of peace made with Massasoit, the Sachem of the "Wampanoags, 
and the iettlers at Plymouth, in 1621, was preserved inviolate until his death 
in 1662. Soon after this event, his two sons, Alexander and Philip, were sus- 
pected of hostile intentions towards the English. The colonists considered 
that Philip had, for many years previous to the war, designed their destruc- 
tion ; but later and more impartial historians assert that Philip was friendly 
to the English, but was forced into the war by the ardor of the young men 
of the tribe, against his own judgment, and that of his counsellors. The 
war was ended by his death in 1676. 



King William's War. 
1689—1697. 

James II. succeeded his brother Charles II. in 1685. During his short 
reign, he rendered himself odious to the people, by levying taxes without the 
consent of Parliament — suspending the penal laws by which conformity to 
the established religion was enforced — opening diplomatic relations with the 
Pope, which was declared a treasonable offence by English laws — and mani- 
festing, in various Avays, his determination tore-establish the Roman Catholic 
religion in England. 

In 1688, the people, seeing no hope of redress, revolted, and offered the 
crown to William, Prince of Orange, who had married Mar}^, the eldest 
daughter of James. In 1688, "William landed in England at the head of a 

(84) 



CAUSES OF THE WARS. 85 

large army, and was received with such general satisfaction, that James fled 
to France. Soon after, Parliament declared "William and Mary joint sove- 
reigns of England. The king of France, Louis XIV. (1642-1715,) espoused 
the cause of James, and thus England and France were again engaged in 
war, which was not ended until the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. As the 
Revolution, which compelled James to abdicate, established the principle that 
none but a Protestant can succeed to the throne of England, it is commonly 
called " The Glorious Revolution." 

Principal Events. — Battle of Killiecrankie, 1689; Battle of the Boyne, 1690; 
Phipps* unsuccessful expedition against Canada; burning of Schenectady. 



Queen Anne's "War ; or, the War of the Spanish Succession. 
1702 — 1713. 

On the death of Charles II. of Spain, there were two claimants to the 
throne: Charles, Archduke of Austria, and Philip of Anjou, nephew of Louis 
XIV., king of France. The Spanish monarch, though really in favor of his 
kinsman, the Archduke, was induced by bribery to assign his crown to the 
Duke of Anjou. The fear that the crowns of Franco and Spain might be 
united by the accession of a Bourbon, induced England, Austria, and Hol- 
land, to unite against France in a league, known as the '' Triple Alliance." 
William III., of England (1689-1702), having died while preparing to take 
the field in person. Queen Anne determined to adhere' to the policy of her 
predecessor. The war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. 

Principal Events. — The taking of Gibraltar, 1704 ; Battles of Blenheim, 
1704; Ramillies, 1706 ; Oudenarde, 1708; Malplaquet, 1709. 



King George's War; or, the War of the Austrian Succession. 
1744—1748. 

King George's War, or, " The Old French and Indian War," (called, in 
Europe, "The War of the Austrian Succession,") did not commence in 
America until 1744, though it had existed in Europe since 1741. 

In 1740, the Emperor of Austria died, and a dispute as to the succession 
immediately arose. Previous to his death, Charles VI. had named his 
daughter, Maria Theresa, as his successor, and had obtained the consent of 
all the powers of Europe in a general treaty, called the "Pragmatic Sanction." 
Notwithstanding this agreement, numerous claimants arose, among which 
the most important were the Elector of Bavaria and the King of Spain. 
France espoused the cause of Spain, while England offered her aid to Maria 
Theresa. The war was ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Principal Events. — Battle of Dettingen, 1743; Battle of Foutenoy, Preston 
Pans, 1745; Culloden Moor, 1746; capture of Louisburg and Cape Breton. 



86 CAUSES OF THE WARS. 

The Frencli and Indian War ; or, the Seven Years' "War. 
1755—1763. 

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was but a suspension of hostilities. Both 
France and England restored all conquests made by them, and the long dis- 
puted boundaries of their colonial possessions in America remained unsettled. 
Looking at the grants made by the sovereigns of France and England, it will 
be seen that the same territory was frequently claimed by both countries. 
The French grant to De Monts, in 1603, conveyed to him the entire territory 
from 40° to 46° N. Lat., and westward to the Pacific Ocean ; this was one 
degree south of New York City: while the English grant to the Plymouth 
Company extended from 41° to 45° N. Lat., all of which was included in the 
previous grant to De Monts. 

The English claimed the whole country from Newfoundland to Florida, by 
virtue of the early discovery of the Cabots ; and had established their claim 
westward to the Pacific, by numerous grants, previous to any French settle- 
ment. The French claim was founded upon the exploration and actual occu- 
pation of the country. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. 



The Revolutionary War. 
1775—1783. 

The Eevolntionary War originated in the attempt of Great Britain to 
govern the Colonies "in an arbitrary manner, entirely for the benefit of the 
mother country; while the colonists maintained the great principle that 
" Taxation and representation are inseparable." The Navigation Acts 
(1651, 1663); the restrictions on free trade between the Colonies (1672); the 
imposition of duties on sugar and molasses (1733); the passage of the Stamp 
Act; the duties laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors; the maintaining 
of standing armies to enforce these obnoxious laws; the removal of persons, 
charged with crime, to England for trial ; the obstacles which were continually 
opposed to the administration of justice in the local courts : these, and many 
othercauses set forth in the Declaration of Independence, were continually 
exasperating the people, alienating their affections, and preparing them for 
resistance and revolution. The war was ended by the definitive Treaty of 
Paris, in 1783. 



Three Years' War; or, The War of 1812. 
1812—1815. 

The causes of the Avar of 1812 must be sought nearly as far back as the 
close of the Revolution. During the wars of Napoleon, serious injuries were 
inflicted by both England and France on American commerce. In 1793, 
England issued an order in Council, authorizing the capture of any vessel 
l.'iilcn with French colonial produce, or carrying supjilics for any of the French 
colonics. England also iusi^ited on her right to board any vessel suspected 



CAUSES OF THE WARS. 87' 

of having deserters from the British service, and to caiTy them off by force. 
Though the treaty of 1794: left these primary difficulties unsettled, yet, as it 
granted some other important privileges, the hostile feeling which so seriously 
threatened war was in some degree allayed; but England, in 1805, jealous of 
the increase of American commerce, declared as her policy, that "the neutral 
has no right, by an extension of trade, to afford supplies to the belligerents, 
to ward off the blows of an enemy." Many American vessels, under this law, 
•were seized, carried into British ports, and condemned. Notwithstanding the 
remonstrance of the United States, in 1806, England declared a blockade 
against the coast of France; and, the following year, prohibited neutrals from 
trading with France or her allies. Under these oppressive acts, property to 
the amount of more than $2,000,000 was seized by a nation with whom we 
were at peace. The impressment of American seamen, claimed as deserters 
from the British service, or as British subjects owing allegiance to Great 
Britain, was another cause of the most bitter and hostile feelings. As the 
two nations resemble each other in appearance, and use the same language, 
it was impossible to determine whether a man belonged to Great Britain or 
not, and it was proved that no less than nine thousand American seamen were 
seized by Great Britain previous to 1812. 

The war was ended by the Treaty of "fitfilt^ in 1815. It is a singular fact 
that no mention was made in the treaty of the principal causes of the war, 
the rights of neutrals, and the impressment of seamen. The war on the Con- 
tinent being ended, England no longer needed such immense numbers of 
soldiers, and "the rights of neutrals" ceased to be a practical question. 



The Mexican War. 
1846—1848. 

Mexico became independent of Spain in 1822; and, two years later, adopted 
a Constitution similar to that of the United States, but the Government 
remained a mere military despotism. Notwithstanding the acknowledgment 
of her independence by the United States, Mexico soon commenced a series 
of insults and injuries, for which redress was sought in vain by our Govern- 
ment. American citizens, engaged in lawful trade, were imprisoned, their 
property was seized, and our flag insulted in all the Mexican ports. 

The admission of Texas into the Union, while her independence was not 
yet acknowledged by the Mexican Government, and the question whether the 
boundary should extend to the Rio Grande, or only to the Nueces, were addi- 
tional causes of hostility. Mexico assigned three causes for the war: 1st. The 
annexation of Texas ; 2d. The invasion of territory claimed as belonging to 
Mexico ; 3d. The invasion of territory in her actual possession. 



THE END, 



19 89 






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